The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which was caused by a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), has threatened human civilization. This pandemic has imposed a significant impact on the field of neurosurgery.

In this era of modern times innovative technology and unpredictability of diseases we need to prepare ourselves to fight the unknown. There are limitations to exercise the human brain through the vast boundaries, that encompass spectrum of human diseases and behavior. Therefore, supplementing our own cognitive abilities with computing would definitely be beneficial in terms of management and treatment of the human body. There is a wide scope of use in healthcare ranging from determination of a cognitive change to a simple diagnosis of a pathology slide.

Covid19-9 can be presented with various neurological problem like headache, dizziness, anosmia...and sometimes was make disaster situation like intracranial hemorrhage. We report 32 years old woman with post covid19-9 infected late onset hydrocephaly.

Although, the most common and important clinical presentation of COVID-19 is respiratory illness, reports of neurological symptoms are increasing. The neurological features can be as a result of a combination of non-specific complications of systemic disease, the effects of a direct viral infection and inflammation of the nervous system and its vasculature. The neurotropic and neuroinvasive properties of the coronaviruses enable them to easily enter the CNS through the olfactory bulbs, most commonly; causing inflammation and demyelination in cases implicating neurological involvement.

Background:Ischemic brain damage results in the release of some of the neurons or gliaspecific biomarkers including S100 calciumbinding protein B (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neuron-specific enolase protein (NSE). These biomarkers are currently being used in neuroimaging studies in the management of stroke patients. Unfortunately, the association of these biomarkers and clinical outcome among acute ischemic stroke patients are still in debate. This study determines the association of serum S100B, NSE, and GFAP levels at 72 hours onset with the changes of the NIHSS score between the onset of day 3 and day 7 in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Centroparietotemporal (CPT) spikes in EEG are commonly associated with childhood epilepsies such as Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal spikes (BECTS). This EEG finding can rarely be associated with symptomatic perirolandic epilepsies due to pathologies such as perisylvian polymicrogyria (PMG). We report a rare case of left perisylvian polymicrogyria presenting with refractory seizures and focal electrical status in EEG. We highlight the electroclinical features that warrant an MRI brain to rule out a possibility of perisylvian PMG in children presenting with seizures and CPT spikes in EEG.

At room temperature, mercury is a silver- colored metallic element in fluid form. Organic and inorganic mercury salts are used as antiseptic, preservative, vaccine, etc. exposure of various mammalian species to mercurial compounds can give rise to immunosuppression and auto- immunity. Merc solubilis is of mineral origin. Mercurius solubilis, is prepared from mercury nitrate, Hg (NO3)2. This medicine is used clinically in homeopathy for the treatment of infectious and suppurative processes. Mercurius solubilis is also used for treatment of various acute and chronic inflammatory conditions by homeopathic physicians. It is also called as Quicksilver. Mercurius solubilis is considered as a best alternative drug for acute inflammatory conditions treatment.

Sarcopenia is a progressive decrease of muscle function, bulk, and strength that occurs gradually as we age and become frail. This results in a decline in physical stamina that affects normal individuals and those with disabilities. Sarcopenia interferes with func-tionality, productivity, activities of daily living, and poses risks related to deconditioning and predisposition to physical and psycho-logical consequences. The affected individuals become at increased risk for falls, lack of independence, increased fatty tissue, social isolation, and eventual possible depression. Sarcopenia was considered a natural course of the aging process and was not considered a disease. But, recently, with revised consensus on definition, it is now considered a muscle disease that can be acute or chronic. Em-phasis here is made at the difference between aging that is a natural process and frailty that is partially reversible.

The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly spread across the globe causing massive disruptions to everyday life with its impact of health, economics, human behaviors and mental illness. A wide range of mental illness and psychological effects have been observed during COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in all over the global level. The excessive level of stress during COVID-19 pandemic affects healthcare workers and their family members for financial losses contributing to wide spread emotional distress and increase for psychological stress and other mental symptoms. These impacts on healthcare workers may increase their stress and this could be associated with other variables like anxiety and depression.

Introduction: Hemangioblastomas are most common intraaxial tumors in patients with VHL syndrome.They are commonly seen in cerebellum and spinal cord. These are associated with retinal angiomas, cystic lesions in pancreas, kidney and epididymis.Case Presentation: A 22 year old man who underwent surgery for cerebellar hemangioblastoma 4 years ago has now presented with complaints of headache, visual blurring, difficulty in walking since 2 months. He also had decreased speech output.His family history was significant as his mother died of cerebellar hemangioblastoma.

Background: 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is an Endocrine Disrupting Chemical (EDC), which interferes with endocrine (hormonal) system at certain doses. It is the primary final degradation product of Alkylphenolethoxylates (APE) which is a non-ionic surfactant, widely used in industries, agriculture and domestic purposes. 4-NP is a persistent and ubiquitous Xenoestrogen with endocrine disrupting activities. It is highly prevalent in aquatic environments and is moderately bio-accumulative due to its lipophilic nature. Several studies have reported adverse effects of 4-NP on male reproductive system, including testicular abnormalities with gene expression profiling.

The clinical case of a 38-year-old man with chronic insomnia lasting two years is presented. The problem has begun to affect their work, social and sexual performance. The patient reports that the problem has been present since his adolescence, but worsened when he began to work independently. Due to excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality, she decided to take care of her problem. After an assessment, it was decided to implement Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia. The intervention components were: sleep restriction, stimulus control therapy, sleep hygiene, muscle relaxation, and cognitive restructuring. The intervention lasted six sessions divided into: one for evaluation, and five for treatment. Pretreatment and post-treatment measurements were made with psychometric instruments and sleep diaries. Finally, it is observed that the symptoms of insomnia decreased and the quality of sleep increased, however, the limitations of the clinical case study are shown

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) has protean manifestations, radiological features and treatment outcomes. The first case that was described in literature was a 45year old man with headache, seizures and delirium. In India the first case series was reported in 1957. At that time it was a lethal disease with no antemortem diagnostic modalities. With current advances in imaging, it has now become easier to diagnose and treat. We present an interesting case of a 43 year-old male with hemorrhagic infarcts in bilateral basal ganglia and bilateral thalami.

Through pterional approach and transsylvian dissection opticocarotid cistern was exposed and anterior clinoid was drilled intradurally, proximal dural ring was sharply cut and paraclinoid aneurysm was clipped by a fenestrated clip parallel to carotid.

Parkinson Disease (PD) was described by James Parkinson in his classic in 1817. Recently there has been a tremendous progress in our understanding of this complex and fascinating neurological disorder. It not only manifest motor symptoms but there is a whole range of non-motor features, including cognitive, psychiatric and autonomic impairments. The non-motor dysfunction of PD is an important cause of morbidity and increases the burden of the disease far beyond that caused by the classical motor symptoms.

Posttraumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) is a frequent and serious complication that follows a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Its inci- dence varies greatly from study to study, largely based on different criteria for its diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to identify the risk factors like age, admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), decompressive craniectomy (DC) and findings in initial Computed tomography (CT) scan like Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and skull base fracture which may predispose for the development of hydrocephalus in traumatic severe head injury patients

Epileptic spasms (ES) are seizures characterised by brief invol- untary muscular contractions, with majority of cases presenting between two weeks and eighteen months of age [1]. They are the prototype seizures in West syndrome which is a triad of IS, hypsar- rhythmia in EEG and developmental regression [1]. They can also be seen in other early-onset epileptic encephalopathies such as Ohtahara syndrome and less frequently in elder children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome [1]. ES may not always indicate generalized epilepsy [2], since they can rarely be the only seizure type in surgically remediable focal and hemispheric epilepsies [3,4] or be associated with other types of focal seizures [5,6]

Background: Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disease, affecting the presynaptic neuronal transmission. Objectives: To represent a case evaluated and confirmed of Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome. Methods: 35year old lady with proximal muscle weakness was evaluated with detailed NCS and RNS.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) with the three commonly used contrast media in coronary angiography. Methods: In this prospective observational study, 574 consecutive patients who were referred for coronary angiography to our cardiovascular center, were included. Patients were categorized into three groups based on the received contrast media, including iopromide (Ultravist®), iodixanol (Visipaque®), and iohexol (Omnipaque®). Patients’ demographic characteristics, past medical history, and risk factors were recorded. Renal function was evaluated in all the patients within 48 hours before and 72 hours after the procedure. CIN was defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level by 0.5mg/dl or by 0.25% from the baseline.

Hodgkin’s disease is usually a disease involving the peripheral lymphatic system with strong predilection to the cervical lymph nodes. Diagnosis is made by a combination of histopathology (where the Reed-Sternberg giant cell is pathognomonic) as well as by lymphocytic markers such as CD20 and CD30. Hodgkin’s disease rarely involved the brain and non-lymphoid organs. We present a known case of Hodgkin’s disease with a lesion in the frontal lobe which presented as new onset seizures in a 29-year-old patient. The lesion was successfully removed and on analysis was seen to be a part of Hodgkin’s disease. The rarity of CNS involvement coupled with a recurrent pattern of this disease (the CNS involvement seen in the recurrence rather than the primary presentation) makes this a rare and interesting report.

Background: Only 2%-5% of all patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) have localized disease to the first branch (V1). In this report, we describe the management of five cases of pure V1 territory TN. Methods: The series included three men and two women with a mean age of 63 years. The affected side was the right side in four cases and the left side in one case. All cases presented with typical TN manifestations. Preoperative three-dimensional magnetic resonance cisternogram/angiogram fusion images were obtained to evaluate the anatomical relationship between the trigeminal nerve and the responsible vessel. Microvascular decompression (MVD) was performed using the retrosigmoid approach.

Introduction: Stroke remains a tremendous public health burden, as it is the leading cause of major long-term disability in adults. Stroke causes 10% of all deaths around the world and despite of advancement of management and treatment it remains the second most common cause of death after ischemic heart disease. Pneumonia is the most widespread medical complication after stroke with an estimated incidence ranging from 2.4% to 12%. Previous studies showed a wide range of post-stroke infection rates, from 5%-65% for all infections, 1%- 33% for respiratory tract infection (RTI), and 2%-27% for urinary tract infection (UTI) 18 .The study to identify the predictors are important to know which patients would be at an increased risk of the infection and in turn various steps that could be taken by the treating neurologist to prevent the same which can have a huge impact of the morbidity and mortality of these patients.The objective of present study is to identify independent risk factors for chest infection after acute stroke and to study their effects on prognosis at 90 day functional outcome.

Coping skill is the characteristic ways of dealing with difficulties and it influences how we identify and try to solve problems. Coping can involve active attempts to modify the person environment relationship so that the demand is lessened or the resources increased. The coping skills that people bring with them to life, experiences influence, how much stress they feel and how well they cope with it. Human consequences resulting from unemployment have profound effects on one’s self concept. Mental health changes of unemployed youth were typically described in terms of increased anxiety, depression, insomnia, irritability, lack of confidence, listlessness and nervousness. The males are more self-controlled and accepting responsibilities than the females. Unless the potential of young people can be used in a productive way, neither youth nor economies as a whole will face a bright future. The females are higher in confrontive coping. Young, educated women express more commitment to both work and family.

Electric Source Imaging (ESI) is an emerging technique that identifies the source of brain electrical activity by utilizing the spatial and temporal components of EEG recorded on the scalp. ESI appears to be a promising methodology for epilepsy evaluation as well as other neurological disorders based on the present body of research; nevertheless, the precise clinical relevance of ESI localization remains to be explored. This review paper aims to present the basic theoretical aspects of ESI and its clinical applications along with the currently available softwares for implementing this cutting-edge technology by examining some of the key studies performed in the field, with emphasis given to clinical work published in the recent years.