From the time of Cajal, histologists, have attempted to understand how neurons encode memory. Cajal identified synaptic con-nections between neurons which Hebb conceptualized as “synaptic plasticity”, processes related to recall. But aside from synaptic connectivity, they did not consider the “meaning” of the neuron’s extended shape. The neuron has a very large surface area with branching dendrites exposing surface spines that permit intimate exposure to the surroundings. Golgi perceived a perineural net (PNN) around the neuron, which Cajal dismissed as a “staining artifact”. Subsequent work established the presence of a web of glycosaminoglycans and proteins around the neurons, termed extracellular matrix (nECM). Recognizing that neural morphology and its interactions with its surroundings have functional relevance, we have proposed a tripartite mechanism of neural memory. It involves the chemical encoding of cognitive units of information (cuin fo), based on the interactions of three physiologic compartments, namely: • Neurons – cells with large surface area, extended arborized shape with many dendrites.• Extracellular matrix (nECM)- a static hydrogel, surrounding neurons.• Dopants (trace metal cations and neurotransmitters (NTs)) – diffusible molecules which form which form metal-centered complexes within the nECM. The NTs are the molecular correlates of emotive states.Thus, the nECM is not irrelevant but critical to the functioning of the arborized neuron. In conjunction with morphologic considerations, the tripartite mechanism permits one to construct a physiologically credible account for the encoding of neural memory.

A lot of troubles we are facing as neurological surgeons when we deal with this tumor. Although it’s a benign tumor histologically, it has a malignant cellular characteristic, causes a big trouble in surgery and postsurgical treatment. It is divided into two types: adamantinomatous and papillary craniopharyngioma. The first surgical techniques for craniopharyngioma originated in 1891 by Selke. There is consensus that best management is surgery but there is trend developed recently between surgeons which is that subtotal resection is better to maintain function of surrounding structures, also total removal of this tumor surgically is challenging because of tight adherence of its capsule to lot of very important structures, In Best surgical hands this tumor is not favorable for resection because of multiple functional complications intraoperative and postoperative. Endocrine abnormalities are commonly seen postoperatively in the form of hypopituitarism. Immunotherapy including EGFR inhibitors such gefitinib, erlotinib, and lapatinib are now off-label use in treatment of craniopharyngiomas. In 2019 Rao., et al. reported treated case with selective BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib. Till now we didn’t reach the ideal management for this benign tumor although surgery is the best. we need to take a different step in the direction of searching for better management of this tumor.

Objective: ZIKA a biological hazard with severe burden affects the well-being and quality of life of vulnerable populations both at micro and macro level. The present research is aimed at preparedness among health care professionals towards this impending challenge. Methods: National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, a premier institute for neuro-psychiatric disorders formed the universe for the study. Total sample survey of 285 Undergraduate Nursing students using the WHO-KAP schedule was administered after obtaining informed consent. Their responses were content analysed. Results: Majority were female, age range of 17 - 23 years. 2 out of 3 considered ZIKA to be a problem. 25% thought that ZIKA could strike in the next 6 months. Majority felt that it is the self, family and other organizations responsibility to protect them from ZIKA. However, 1 out of 4 believed “God has the responsibility to protect us”. Stigmatization and discrimination of persons affected by ZIKA was endorsed by only 1 out of every 6 respondents. A quarter of the respondents believe that there needs to be safe and legal permission for abortion for the identified women.

Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder that affects ability to wake and sleep. Individuals with narcolepsy have excessive, uncontrollable daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hallucinations, sleep paralysis etc. It is divided into type 1 and 2 on the basis of cataplexy. Type 1 is autoimmune. Recently lot of research and new case reports has been published because of the association with impaired cognitive ability, poor quality of life, and risk of work, home, and car accidents. It can affect children, adolescents and even elderly. FDA and EMA approved drugs are available. In this article all published literatures of 2020 regarding narcolepsy are reviewed.

Introduction and Purpose: Arteriosclerotic small vessel disease (Art) is the main cause of vascular dementia (VaD). Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) can also lead to VaD. However it is not known whether the responsible cerebrovascular lesions and their severity are the same in VaD-Art and VaD-CAA. The present postmortem study with additional 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compares the incidence and the distribution of these lesions in both VaD disease types. Material and Methods: 32 brains with pure VaD due to Art and due to CAA, and 31 with VaD-Art and VaD-CAA mixed with additional neurodegenerative pathology were compared separately. MRi was mainly used to compare the regional severity of the white matter changes (WMCs) and the incidence of cortical microinfarcts (CoMIs) and cortical microbleeds (CoMBs) on serial cerebral hemispheric sections between both groups of VaD. Results: VaD-CAA was characterized by the more frequent occurrence of CoMIs and lobar haematomas while in VaD-Art lacunar infarcts predominated in the pure as well in the mixed forms. On MRI WMCs were more severe in the central section and to a minor degree in the mixed VaD-CAA, as well as CoMiBs in the frontal section. CoMIs were equally increased in the different sections. Conclusions: There are significant differences in the severity and the topographic distributions of cerebrovascular lesions between VaD-Art and VaD-CAA brains. However, the increased WMCs and CoMiBs in the mixed form of VaD-CAA could possibly be related to the additional neurodegenerative changes.

Corona viruses are a group of deadly viruses that cause ordinary cold to even severe diseases such as- SARS- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; MERS –Middle East Respiratory Syndrome; pneumonia; and kidney failure. These corona viruses are initially reported in the Wuhan city of China. Now, it is considered to be the most dangerous virus and is threatening across the world. Recently, researchers reveal the existence of a direct association between corona virus and certain neurological complications (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, etc.) in humans. Usually, these viruses are transmitted from animals to humans. For example, SARS – Transmitted from civet cats to humans; and MERS- transmitted from camels to humans. From available reports, scientists suspect that corona virus may be transmitted from snakes since intake of snakes is more common in China.

Background: Haematoma volume is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality in a spontaneous intracerebral hematoma. Timing of surgery, amount of clot removal, GCS on admission, pupillary abnormality and amount of bone removal of such cases are strong variables. A large amount of blood is causing impending herniation which is life-threatening and should be addressed immediately to reverse the situation. Objective: The main goal of this study is to assess the predictive analysis in decompressive craniotomy for haemorrhagic stroke. Method: A total of 72 cases were included in this study. This retrospective study was conducted in three private hospitals from 2009 to 2018. Male: Female was 3:2. Surgical outcome predictors were analyzed by using different variables- the timing of surgery, amount of clot removal, GCS on admission, pupillary abnormality, age of the patients and amount of bone removal.Results: 8 patients died, 2 patients were in a vegetative state, 1 patient developed osteomyelitis in a bone flap and 1 had CSF leak and meningitis. Conclusion: Decompressive craniotomy for large intracerebral hematoma is lifesaving. Among the variables- the timing of surgery and the amount of bone removal are strong predictors of the outcome of the surgery.

The fibrolipomatous hamartoma is a benign process that causes fusiform nerve enlargement as a result of the proliferation of mature fibrous perineural tissue. It is a rare disease, diagnosed mainly in children and young adults, presenting few early manifestations, eventually leading to symptoms related to nerve compression - pain, paresis and paresthesia (eg carpal tunnel syndrome) - or tumor. The gold standard method for your diagnosis is the magnetic resonance imaging - there is no need for biopsy. Thickened and low signal nerve bundles are observed, surrounded by fibrolipomatous tissue with a high T1 sign, and the pathognomonic findings of this entity. Its appearance is compared to that of a coaxial cable in the axial plane, or "spaghetti-like" in the coronal section

The management of cerebral aneurysms continues to evolve as a result of the on going search for safer and more effective tre-atment options. The significant advancement in the endoscopic endonasal techniques has encouraged neurosurgeons to utilize the extended endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for cerebral aneurysm clipping. Initially, the endoscope was used prima-rily as an adjunct to the microscope to clip cerebral aneurysm via craniotomy and it has been found as a safe and effective tool for better visualization of cerebrovascular branch points and for be-tter exposure around the aneurysm.

The prodigy of a mind is design in the abstraction of a visual algorithm. The sequence to color defines how memory understands and interprets the visual cognitive hierarchy. Sensorial perception and abstraction is a true understanding to what and how we can think. The Prodigy Mind of a Genius mind is the Abstraction to Mind Mapping Visual Creative Neuroscience. Color memory and artificial intelligence do come togeth-er. It is the computational algorithm that defines another level of knowledge and intellectual learning. Computational modeling does create a visual abstraction to the recognition of knowledge and learning.