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The horizontal and multidisciplinary study gives depth to our clinical approach and comparative anatomy can be used to understand the physiological behaviours for this study. The production of nearly 14 kilos of bone in the antlers, in less than 100 days in the Red Deer is the trigger for the research. Embryology is a relational guide between the mandible, the desmodontal ligament and the stomach which are also under the influence of the functions of the neuropeptide Y which we propose to study. Powerful orexigenic, because it increases the level of insulin and consequently the reserve, lipido-glucidic, it is its hypotensive natriuretic activity which positions the NPY in the neuropeptides with digestive prevalence. Its involvement in the calcium chain means that NPY will be studied in spectrography and immunofluorescence in our research, at the ligament level to reflect, biomechanics in a sense of functional and chemical stimulation

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is known to cause metastasis to unusual sites. The thyroid gland is a rare site for metastasis [1] but, when it occurs, RCC is the most common primary neoplasm and can develop many years after initial diagnosis [2]. We retrospectively reviewed our database of RCC patients with thyroid metastases [3]. We aimed to investigate the incidence of thyroid metastasis from RCC and describe patients’ characteristics, initial presenting symptoms at the diagnosis of the thyroid metastasis, diagnostic and therapeutic modalities used, the average latency time before the detection of metastasis after nephrectomy [4], presence of metastatic sites other than the thyroid gland, follow-up time after detection of thyroid metastasis with the final status of the patients.

Background: Covid-19 virus infection is a pandemic disease. Incidence of COVID-19 infection in children and neonates is less than adults. Neonates may be contaminated by close contact with the infected family members or environment. However, infection via transplacental transmission and breast feeding has not been proved yet. Hospitals face shortages of resources in the outbreaks. This becomes more important in underdeveloped countries. Methods: We have studied the neonates who underwent surgical interventions in emergent or urgent conditions. No specific protection measures were applied in the operating room and neonatal intensive care unit for patients without symptoms or positive history of contact, in an attempt to save the resources of the hospital. All the neonates and their families were followed up for two weeks. Results: Forty patients and their families were studied. At admission, our patients neither demonstrated symptoms of the disease nor gave positive history of contact, hence received surgical intervention in the ordinary protection. One patient suffered from respiratory problems in the post-operative period and tested positive for the Covid-19 infection. Six patients and Five family members became symptomatic during the follow-up. All of them tested negative for the diseases and recovered. Conclusion: Based on the results of our study, surgical interventions for the critical neonates without positive symptoms or history neither should be postponed nor be necessarily dependent on the application of the coronaspecific personal protection. This gains most significance in the peak of outbreak especially in underdeveloped countries.

We have conducted two latissimus dorsi transfers for elbow function reconstruction in paediatric patients at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital. The first patient was a four-year-old girl with distal, asymmetric arthrogryposis, involving the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. The second patient was a five-year-old boy with paediatric brachial plexus injury, with C5 and C6 root avulsions with an inability to flex the elbow, as well as a glenohumeral contracture. He presented following a rotational humerus osteotomy. We performed a unipolar latissimus dorsi transfer in both patients with good results. We also performed a literature review to compare the available methods of elbow flexion reconstruction, especially in paediatric cases. We believe that the latissimus dorsi transfer is the preferred muscle transfer for reconstructing elbow function and the literature review supports this assertion.