In establishing his theory of knowledge, Ibn Rochd has shown that it is a human possibility available to every person whose goal is truth , and knows how to employ and exploit the different cognitive tools he possesses . He can gradually establish certainty. For him the cognitive act comes back to the method by which one grasps the truth, that is why he took an explicit position towards the different methods and approaches that were adopted in his time. Ibn Rochd in this epistemological project had a civilazational Horizon, where he wants to determine the real factors to build a civilized society. These ideas we will elucidated in this article.

The concepts of alienation have multiplied, and opinions have been mixed around, but consensus can be understood as a human feeling and feeling experienced by agony and pain, and torn apart by a torn, tragic and idealistic reality. This phenomenon can be determined only through the visions of the poets and their attitudes and doctrines, and due to subjective, objective factors, spiritual factors and material, which are so intricately overlapping that the process of sorting out the main causes of secondaryization determines the effects of the most rigorous analytical processes

This study highlights the linguistic state in the Arabian culture through practices that form the recent approaches of research of the Arabian linguistic; the linguist researcher « Mustapha Ghalfen » has diagnosed via different approaches that reality in terms of method, topic, and purpose. Throughout these levels and interests, the researcher tries to draw the future of the Arabian linguistics and its perspectives.

This paper seeks to shed light on the phenomenon of alienation in the Metn poetic Algerian in phase shifts (eighties and nineties), and then talk about the style and the type popularized and shot to the community and with the Algerian poet at the time, that is, political alienation, as a result of circumstances and different backgrounds ranging from political, economic and social and cultural, where the alienation of the poet in this period of over three levels. - Alienation martyr - The tragedy of Algeria and self-alienation of the poet. - Alienation of the Arabs and the Palestinian cause in Algerian modern poetry

This article aims to reconstruct the relationship between philosophy and literature as well as history, because the philosophical discourse is forced to leave its classic form of rigor to interact with other domains. This was confirmed by Paul Ricoeur, who called for the need to reflect on the memory of the wounded in a story. stories help us to reduce the circles of identity conflict and to create a global and participatory space in which all human experiences converge.

This study aims at sheding light on the strategies used by adolescents with learning difficulties to cope with stress. The study was conducted on two adolescents with learning difficulties at BADI Mekki- secondary school in - Zeribet El-Oued-Biskra. The clinical approach was applied using research tools such as case study, semi-interview, analysis of interview content, and a measure of coping with stress developed by Al Hilali2009. The most important findings of this research include the following:* Adolescents with learning difficulties use negative coping strategies for psychological stress. * Adolescents with learning difficulties use strategies of surrender and self-blame to cope with psychological stress. * Adolescents with learning difficulties use isolation strategies and daydreams to cope with psychological stress

This study aims at revealing the extent to which the Algerian school contributes to the development of the values of citizenship among young people. The study also seeks to highlight the most important mechanisms adopted by the Algerian school to strengthen the values of citizenship. The paper first defines the most important key-terms used in this investigation. Then, it explains the role of education and educational subjects in developing the values of citizenship. The paper also compares between some global models, which explore the role of education in shaping citizenship in secondary school and the Algerian experience. Finally, the paper provides some suggestions and actions that can contribute to the development of the values of citizenship among young people.

With the opening up of the world economy and the increasing intensity of competition between organizations at the national and international levels, knowledge management can be an effective means of achieving a sustainable competitive advantage that enables the organization to excel and continuity. Of course, the Algerian economic organizations are not immune to these challenges and changes that the world knows, so through this research paper we will try to find out the reality of the application of knowledge management to some economic organizations in the region of Sétif, by knowing the availability of the knowledge management infrastructure and knowing how its processes are applied

This study attempt to point on the nature of problems that face different journalists working in the private sector, caused by the weakness of legal protection that provides them with their professional and social rights, particularly with the emergence of new variables that have role in the crisis that know journalists in the private sector at the professional and social level. From all the different variables, we have shed light on two principal variables which have a great importance in the deterioration of the situation of this social class; the first variable is the economic crisis that hit the country during 2014 due to the reduction of oil prices and its influences on the advertising percent for journalistic institutions, the second variable is the uses of the new media, and its consequences, the appearance the of what we call the "the electronic journalist" on whom the newspapers count as alternative press because of their low cost. An empiric and analytic study based on methodological steps of scientific research using the survey method that touch different journalists working in the private sector in Setif.

Regarding the great interaction and interest of the public to the affairs of social networking; News channels have become dependent on these networks as a source of information taking advantage of the immediacy and interactivity of these networks in the transfer of news. Hence, these networks have a role in creating newsletters in the Arab news channels. This is confirmed by the results of this study, which revealed that these channels are interested in the inclusion of affairs of political nature and affairs that carry the value of conflict and fame significantly using figures, statistics and data at a high rate and adopt the video as the most important method of clarification

The misuse of electronic and media devices by teenagers becomes a controversy discussed by many news papers. The premises mainly is the unguided use of children to computers and laptops, besides to the challenge it presents to teachers at school and parents at home. Thus we need a serious protective and motivational plan. First, pretentive against the dangers of technology and second motivates the positive use of it. this relies on the collaboration of all social upbringing institutions ( family, school, mass media, mosques) to inculcate the concepts of media and digital upbringing in the minds of the youth.

The concept of sustainable forest development has been linked to the emergence of sustainable development in general. The latter has become a desired model to face the dilemma of the natural resources depletion. Sustainable development aims to balance between environmental, economic, social and cultural dimensions. Sustainable forest development aims at ensuring the exploitation of the forest heritage and the preservation of its ecological and social value. To achieve its objectives sustainable forest development is established on the basis of the prevention principle. This study attempts to investigate the extent to which administrative authorization contributes as a preventive mechanism imposed on forest projects such as the use, exploitation and clearing in Algerian legislation in achieving the balance between preserving this heritage and achieving economic and social benefits.

Securities are known to be the unique and sole funding source of the stock exchange that is seen as the most important domestic economy backing market. That is why the legislator strived to create new securities in order to encourage savers investing in them. Among these newly issued securities, there are bonds convertible into stocks. Investing in this type of bonds requires a wide range of legal guarantees to protect investors. Hence, the Algerian legislator sets up several mechanisms that provide bondholders with particular protection; some of them were already put in use before the bonds issuance, while others are set after the investors issuance and subscription. This paper aims at highlighting the different guarantees put forward by the legislator to protect holders of convertible bonds into stocks. It also aims to explore the extent to which these guarantees are sufficient to reach the expected objective of attracting savers towards investing and, thus, guaranteeing financing companies and backing home economy

The Communicational rationality has diathesis two important tasks: the first one is a critical task, has sponsored the elaboration of epistemological structures of instrumental rationalism, the latter since they have reached a mathematical calculus the horizons, the nature, the human and society. The second one is constructivist, one of whose manifestations is the universal human project founded by the German philosopher (Jurgen Habermas), who has laid the foundations for universal citizenship leading to this communicative rationality.This universal citizenship is a different concept that transcends the boundaries of ethnicity in all its idealism. Universal citizenship is based on the opposite of human values derived from nationalism that limits the human horizon. This is the construction of a constitutional citizenship based on legal texts, justice and democracy and preparing the culture of discussion and communication and intercomprehension. It is characterized by its universality to be able to assimilate all humanity.

This article deals with a new narrative type in Arabic literature in general, and especially in Algerian literature. This type of story that I have already described in a previous study this presents in what is known by the term (very short story), and without reference to other terms. However, the article is limited to the birth of this narrative type and the beginning of its appearance and some of its characteristics in the Algerian literature. This narrative type (very short story), appeared relatively well before in the Middle East, in Iraq, in Syria, in Palestine and in Lebanon ..., before it reaches the countries of the Maghreb, Morocco, Tunisia , Algeria and Libya.

In this article, we study the different views of sociological thinkers on the term Civil Society, which has been marked by a radical transformations since its emergence. The term did not develop at once or by a single thinker, but has grown up and evolved through the accumulation of contributions by many philosophers and sociological thinkers, who aroused a great controversy that resulted in several ideological visions. Therefore, the researcher examined the background of the concept by presenting a socio-historical approach, and emphasizing on this conceptual difference of civil society, and drawing attention to the historical development it has undergone. The controversy surrounding the concept necessarily leads us to underline its origins and the circumstances of its emergence, based on sociological theorizing. It allows the presentation of the significance of the concept and the disclosure of its content, which is at the heart of the present study.

This article tries to study the theme of external factors and its role in reproducing the authoritarianism within the Arab region after the popular movement, by understanding and analyzing Western policy towards the Arab region, and emphasizing the Different roles and external mechanisms that have impeded the way of political Change through the various transitional stages of the Arab states, focusing on the Egyptian situation, and then trying to put forward mechanisms to control these interventions to participate in building an Arab democracy which comes from internal environment, and by which, Arab people s will be respected to make its governor.

The Islamic state project in Algeria gave birth to several colliding views and positions. Some consider the Islamic movement as one which aims at establishing a theocratic state that confiscates public liberties, while others see it as different from the religious state that emerged in middle-ages Europe. Indeed, the concept of the state evolved immensely in the ideology of the Algerian Islamic movement, which starts recognizing political activity as the core of Islam and democracy as a mechanism for controlling the ruler. In addition, Islamic movement accepts multipartyism and its approach is closer to that of the civil state. This paper attempts to deeply analyze the concept of the state in the thought of the Islamic movement in Algeria and the historical context behind the rise and the development of such concept.

This study examines the intercultural communicative competence of English students at Setif University 2. The data collected revealed that although many students maintained positive attitudes towards people from different cultures, the majority of them were unsure of opinion toward them. In addition to this, the majority were motivated to communicate with the other. Many of them expressed limited confidence in interaction, which can be interpreted by their low intercultural awareness. Furthermore, many students showed a low behavioral flexibility and a low level of relaxation and interaction management, confirming the results of the intercultural sensitivity scale.

?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????

???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 2011 ??? ???? 2018 ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????.

Le constat que l’on pourrait se faire est que l’étudiant de langue étrangère, le FLE en particulier, est parfois dans l’incapacité d’analyser un discours produit en situation réelle, sans recourir à des reformulations du même discours. Notre souci, à travers cette modeste contribution, est de permettre à l’étudiantd’exploiter sesacquis théoriques et ses compétences communicatives par le biais de l’analyse du discours. Afin de répondre aux questions de départ qui nous paraissent contemporaines, nous avons exploité un des discours de l’islamologue Tariq Ramadan, comme étant un corpus oral authentique, pour appliquer les techniques d’analyse du discours et étudier sa visée argumentative. Pour rendre à l’enseignement/apprentissage du français langue étrangère son utilité professionnelle et sociale, il nous parait que l’intégration de l’analyse du discours, dans ce processus, serait le moyen idéal qui favoriserait l’application de diverses théories, qui, s’intéressant à la langue comme objet d’étude,leur donnera du sens.

????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????: ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????.

The present study aims at investigating the type of speaking communication strategies and their frequency of use by 107 second year EFL undergraduates at Al Bachir Al Ibrahimi University, Bordj Bou Arreridj. The participants were asked to fill in Nakatani’s Oral Communication Strategy Inventory questionnaire, which consists of two parts and the students were just concerned with its first part, to collect the quantitative data. The results showed the students’ use of achievement strategies, such as accuracy-based strategies, social affective strategies and fluency-oriented strategies, to overcome the difficulties they coped with when performing speaking tasks.

????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? 1996 ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? 2016? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??: ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? "?????? ???????? ?????????". ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? 18-16 ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????.

??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? (????????)? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??. ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????

???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????/??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? (????/????) ???????? ??????? (???? ?????/????? ?????)? ????? ???? ??????? ?? (94) ????? ??????? ??????? ???????: ???? ????? -?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????/??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???: - ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????/??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? (????/????) ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (???? ?????/????? ?????).

?? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.

???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? / ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? (???????) ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????-???? -?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????.

???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????

???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? 11 ??????2001? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? / ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? .

????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????- ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????

The gender factor can be taken as a variable in comparative studies when dealing with students’ achievements at schools. This study aims, basically, at investigating the status of the gender gap in Algerian learners’ academic achievements. The present paper focuses on a population consisting of 32839 fourth year middle school pupils of the wilaya of Bordj Bou Arreridj in the official exam taken at the end of the middle school level (BEM) from 2015 to 2017. The results revealed that female learners outperform males in almost all subjects of study and in the overall success rates. This study, therefore, will serve as a cornerstone for further research seeking an understanding of the relationship between learners’ academic outcomes and learners’ gender in larger populations.

??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? "??? ???????" ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? (?????????) ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????.

??? ???? (???????) ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ((????????)) ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ((????? ???????)). ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???: ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????:1- ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? 2- ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????.

????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? (????? ?????)? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????

Le dictionnaire de langue française marque sa présence partout, même chez les lecteurs non avertis. Ce recueil de dictons englobe le lexique de cette langue, considéré instantanément comme son miroir, voire sa mémoire conservatoire contre sa disparition. Notre sujet serait peut-être une réponse à beaucoup de questionnements qui émergent au niveau lexicographique ou de la confection des dictionnaires. Pourquoi ce renouvellement permanent de ces livres, partout omniprésents ? Par le présent article, nous voudrions jeter la lumière sur deux concepts clés et apporter des éléments de réponse à ce sujet, en l’occurrence «néologisme(s)/archaïsme(s)"dans le français. Nous avons opté pour une approche descriptive du sujet en question, et ce en citant des exemples récents de mots disparus, en voix de disparition ou nouvellement nés.

Les média sociaux revêtent aujourd’hui une place importante dans le quotidien de chacun. Ces outils du Web 2.0 conçus à l’origine pour garder le contact avec les amis et la famille, offrent aujourd’hui des opportunités réelles aux étudiants afin de participer à leur propre formation a travers l’apprentissage indépendant. Ils se sont tellement accrus dans l’environnement universitaire qu’ils ont provoqué des transformations dans le dispositif enseignement/ apprentissage. Ces transformations ont permis aux étudiants de s’engager dans un apprentissage enrichi par le partage et la collaboration. Cette étude vise à présenter les enjeux de l’utilisation des Média sociaux par les étudiants Algériens. Pour ce faire nous avons mené une enquête auprès de 140 étudiants de Master en bibliothéconomie à l’université de Constantine2 (Algérie). Les données recueillies par le questionnaire ont été analysées avec le tableur Microsoft office (MS) Excel pour calculer les occurrences et pourcentages. Les résultats ont démontré que les sujets interrogés utilisent ces outils pour des raisons et des activités diverses.

This article deals with one of the most prominent themes of the functional grammar, which is the association sentence, where it highlights the new classification which came from the Moroccan linguist Ahmed al-Mutawakil to the sentence, in which he tried to contradict the old grammarians approach; who divided the sentence into nominal and verbal, While Ahmed Al-Mutawakil made the association sentence as an independent class in addition to the two previous classes. This article describes how the division of the sentence in the functional grammar compared to the old Arabic grammar

This article tackels the Ritchard Rorty issue about modern pragmatic,and the role of truth used over all philosiphical studies from ploto and his essentialism to marksism for becaming an application till freud without forgetting nitcha, since these hyporhedis a source of understanding truth,because according to Rorty Combining truth and benefit led to have an appropriate use of pragmatism in the sence that human will be benefited since it s relative meaning is to move from truth and certainty to imagination

The purpose of this study is to uncover the components of the poetic and Quranic discourse by shedding light on one of the ancient Arabic rhetorical thinking poles: Imam Abdul Qahir Al - Jarjani, author of Secrets of Rhetoric and Signs of Miracle, through exploring and analyzing a contemporary critical view of Mohammed Al - Omari, in which he provides a systematic vision that tried to reshape Al-Jarjani s project with new data and insights. The study concludes the purpose for which Al - Jarjani wrote his two books Secrets of Rhetoric and Signs of Miracle, the methodological nucleus that characterized them and the main purpose behind the project.

The principle of universal criminal jurisdiction plays a major role in addressing the perpetrators of serious international crimes, in particular violations of international humanitarian law, whether committed during international or non international armed conflicts. It grants jurisdiction to national criminal courts to consider such offenses without the need to establish a link between the crime committed and the state exercising that jurisdiction. But its application and effectiveness depends on the need to incorporate it into national legislation. Many states have sought to enshrine the principle of universal criminal jurisdiction within their national laws to enable them to prosecute perpetrators of violations of international humanitarian law, regardless of their nationality or where they commit the crime, including Belgium, France, Yemen and Jordan.

This study seeks to reveal the manifestations of the eloquence of narrative frequency and its forms in Samir Quasimi s Declaration of Loss to know the general laws that represent the poetic of this speech. The study focuses on the specificity of the narrative which is based on the narrative chronological frequency segments that play an important role in the narrative chronological construction; on the one hand, through the relationship of frequency with other temporal relationships (temporal dissonance and temporal absorption), and on the other hand, its relation with the other components of the narrative speech (character and narrative space). Therefore, the study concludes that the narrative frequency, upon which the rules of the narration are built in this selected novel, has achieved the narrative functions at many levels. This makes the narrative storytelling characterized by an important stir which contributes to the semiotics of the narrative speech

The views are almost unanimous on the need for a common talk through which all Cameroonians could identify themselves. It is also clear that for reasons of safeguarding the unity and integration of all layers of the Cameroonian population, hybrids languages are best placed to assume the function of national language. Unfortunately we are witnessing a fierce determination by certain parties, amongst which the State, to put them out of the race. This is one of the reasons why contrary to the mother tongues of Cameroon, hybrids languages are not taught, whereas in fact they are mother tongues or first languages ??for a considerable segment of the Cameroonian population. In this way, the aim of this article is to try to understand, in a both descriptive, and sociolinguistic, approach the reasons for these choices, as well as the effects that such options can have on the life of the country. Possibly, some suggestions may help to improve the situation

Post-graduation students or researchers in different disciplines seek to write and publish research articles for graduation and academic promotion. Consequently, Studies were conducted on writing for research publication purposes; approaches as move analysis were the fruit of research in this field. Analyzing the rhetorical structure of research articles’ of different sections has attracted the attention of discourse analysists. The present study aims at investigating the move structure of the introduction section in research articles written by Algerian researchers in th field of economics. The data were collected from a corpus of 10 research articles published in 08 journals of economics in eight different Algerian universities. The analyses relied on Swales’ Model 2004 (Creating a Research Space). The findings showed that Algerian researchers are following a rhetorical move structure similar to Creating a Research Space Model of Swales (2004) in different aspects. Such results will help teaching novice researchers in writing their Research articles and getting integrated in the world of Academia.

The present study attempts to evaluate the integration of authentic videos in second year phonetic classes at Batna 2University. It aims at exploring both teachers perceptions and students attitudes towards using authentic videos and the barriers against their implementation. For data collection, a teachersinterview and a studentsquestionnaire were employed. The study revealed teachers positive intentions and efforts, however their lack of training and the lack of technologies at the English department resulted the absence of using authentic videos for teaching phonetics. Also, Students showed positive attitudes and awareness towards authentic videos. Syllabus designersare invited to reconsider methods of teaching phonetics.