A green protocol is described for sulfonation of aromatic compounds that has been accomplished using sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) in the presence of reusable green heterogeneous SiO2/HClO4 and SiO2/KHSO4 (Silica-supported HClO4 and KHSO4 catalysts) under conventional and solvent-free microwave irradiation. The reactions afforded very good yields of products within 3 to 5 hour under conventional conditions. However, the reaction times in microwave-assisted protocol are drastically reduced to 3 to 5 minutes (from 3 to 5 hour under conventional conditions) followed by increasing product yields. Moreover, the developed silica-supported catalysts could be recycled for at least three to four times.

Herein, we report a fast synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines, decahydroacridine-1,8-diones by one-pot multi-component reaction of 1,3-cyclohexanedione or dimidone, arylaldehydes, and ammonium acetate under solvent-less condition using Cu(II)-schiff base-SBA-15 as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst in high yields. These kinds of catalysts are built from mesoporous silica SBA-15 which was covalently anchored with Cu(II) schiff base complex. The shorter reaction times, good yields, simple work-up procedure and environmentally friendly conditions are the main advantages of this method compared to the last one. This method is also the first example of synthesizing acridines by Cu(II)-schiff base-SBA-15 as an efficient catalyst in solvent-free media which can be valuable to be used or investigated for similar systems. The product was identified by its 1H NMR, mass and IR spectra, which were compared to those reported previously.

Polyphosphotungstate (denoted as PPT) was supported on polypyrrol as organic support (abbreviated as PTT@Ppy) to produce catalytic active supported catalyst. This catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS). The catalyst showed high catalytic activity in the oxidation of alkenes under optimized conditions. In this work, cyclooctene was selected as model alkene for investigation of oxidation procedure, and then under optimized condition, other alkenes were examined. The catalyst could be readily separated from the catalytic system using the centrifuging and loss of activity was negligible when the catalyst was recovered in five consecutive cycles. For this research, a statistical method called response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to economize the number of experiments and their meaningful interpretation. The effect of various factors such as catalyst amount, time, oxidant amount and temperature on oxidation of alkenes were investigated. Optimization results for 0.2 mmol cyclooctene showed that maximum oxidation efficiency 88% was achieved at the optimum conditions: catalyst amount 200 mg, temperature 63, time 5 h and oxidant = 2.15 mmol.

A simple, efficient and convenient route is described for the synthesis of bis-indolyl methanes by using recyclable catalyst sulfonylbis(1,4phenylene)bissulfamic acid (SPSA). In this procedure, we synthesize a bis-indolyl methane derivative via the three component reactions of two equivalent indoles with one equivalent of various aromatic aldehydes in the presence of 10 mol% SBSA as a heterogeneous catalyst under solvent-free conditions at 110 °C for the convinced reaction times (30–60 min). The advantages of this protocol towards the synthesis of bis-indolyl methane derivatives are: I) use of solvent-free conditions, II) inexpensive catalyst, III) using commercially available precursors, d) reusability of SBSA up to several cycles without much loss in reactivity, IV) simple work-up, V) high yields of pure products, VI) short reaction times. The structure of all bis(indolyl)methane derivatives were confirmed by melting point, FT-IR, 1H NMR spectra and were compared with reliable references.

Life and its extraction fuels climate change. We performed studies upon an extended series of petroleum hydrocarbons, with octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow), by using the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods that imply analysis of correlations and representation of models. A suitable set of molecular descriptors was calculated and the genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to select those descriptors, resulting in the best-fit models. The partial least squares PLS (PLS) was utilized to construct the linear QSAR model. The best GA-PLS model contains 27 selected descriptors in 10 latent variables space. The R2 and RMSE for training and test sets were (0.827, 0.088) and (0.716, 0.185), respectively. Inspection of the results reveals a higher R2 and lowers the RMSE value parameter for the data set GA-PLS. The GA-PLS linear model has good statistical quality with low prediction error. This is the first research on the QSAR which uses GA-PLS for the presiction octanol-water partition coefficients of some of the environmental toxic of the petroleum substances.

The Cu (II) surfactantsof stearic and palmitic acids were synthesized which are greenish blue in colour and chosen for thermogravimetric and derivative thermal analysis. Their structure has been confirmed by elemental analysis, and mass spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric degradation of Cu (II) palmitate soap was studied for energy of activation. This shows that two step thermal degradation in the range of 423 K to 703 K. Various equations like coats-redfern (CR), horowitz-metzger (HM) and broido equations (BE) were applied to evaluate the energy of activation. Thermal degradation of solid components will be a good and significant method for the removal of the pollutant from the environment. The present study will play an important role for pollution controlling and in the field of green chemistry.

The combination of isatins, active methylene reagents and 4-phenylurazole/ phthalhydrazide in the presence of ionic liquid ([BMIm]Cl) as a solvent catalyst was found to be a suitable and efficient method for the synthesis of the biologically important spirooxindoles. The features of this procedure were characterized by one-pot procedure, reasonable reaction times, fairly high yields, and simple isolation procedures. The ionic liquid can be easily separated and reused for several times.

Herein, we report a fast synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines, decahydroacridine-1,8-diones by one-pot multi-component reaction of 1,3-cyclohexanedione or dimidone, arylaldehydes, and ammonium acetate under solvent-less condition using Cu(II)-schiff base-SBA-15 as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst in high yields. These kinds of catalysts are built from mesoporous silica SBA-15 which was covalently anchored with Cu(II) schiff base complex. The shorter reaction times, good yields, simple work-up procedure and environmentally friendly conditions are the main advantages of this method compared to the last one. This method is also the first example of synthesizing acridines by Cu(II)-schiff base-SBA-15 as an efficient catalyst in solvent-free media which can be valuable to be used or investigated for similar systems. The product was identified by its 1H NMR, mass and IR spectra, which were compared to those reported previously.

A green protocol is described for sulfonation of aromatic compounds that has been accomplished using sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) in the presence of reusable green heterogeneous SiO2/HClO4 and SiO2/KHSO4 (Silica-supported HClO4 and KHSO4 catalysts) under conventional and solvent-free microwave irradiation. The reactions afforded very good yields of products within 3 to 5 hour under conventional conditions. However, the reaction times in microwave-assisted protocol are drastically reduced to 3 to 5 minutes (from 3 to 5 hour under conventional conditions) followed by increasing product yields. Moreover, the developed silica-supported catalysts could be recycled for at least three to four times.

A simple, efficient and convenient route is described for the synthesis of bis-indolyl methanes by using recyclable catalyst sulfonylbis(1,4phenylene)bissulfamic acid (SPSA). In this procedure, we synthesize a bis-indolyl methane derivative via the three component reactions of two equivalent indoles with one equivalent of various aromatic aldehydes in the presence of 10 mol% SBSA as a heterogeneous catalyst under solvent-free conditions at 110 °C for the convinced reaction times (30–60 min). The advantages of this protocol towards the synthesis of bis-indolyl methane derivatives are: I) use of solvent-free conditions, II) inexpensive catalyst, III) using commercially available precursors, d) reusability of SBSA up to several cycles without much loss in reactivity, IV) simple work-up, V) high yields of pure products, VI) short reaction times. The structure of all bis(indolyl)methane derivatives were confirmed by melting point, FT-IR, 1H NMR spectra and were compared with reliable references.

Life and its extraction fuels climate change. We performed studies upon an extended series of petroleum hydrocarbons, with octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow), by using the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods that imply analysis of correlations and representation of models. A suitable set of molecular descriptors was calculated and the genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to select those descriptors, resulting in the best-fit models. The partial least squares PLS (PLS) was utilized to construct the linear QSAR model. The best GA-PLS model contains 27 selected descriptors in 10 latent variables space. The R2 and RMSE for training and test sets were (0.827, 0.088) and (0.716, 0.185), respectively. Inspection of the results reveals a higher R2 and lowers the RMSE value parameter for the data set GA-PLS. The GA-PLS linear model has good statistical quality with low prediction error. This is the first research on the QSAR which uses GA-PLS for the presiction octanol-water partition coefficients of some of the environmental toxic of the petroleum substances.

Polyphosphotungstate (denoted as PPT) was supported on polypyrrol as organic support (abbreviated as PTT@Ppy) to produce catalytic active supported catalyst. This catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS). The catalyst showed high catalytic activity in the oxidation of alkenes under optimized conditions. In this work, cyclooctene was selected as model alkene for investigation of oxidation procedure, and then under optimized condition, other alkenes were examined. The catalyst could be readily separated from the catalytic system using the centrifuging and loss of activity was negligible when the catalyst was recovered in five consecutive cycles. For this research, a statistical method called response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to economize the number of experiments and their meaningful interpretation. The effect of various factors such as catalyst amount, time, oxidant amount and temperature on oxidation of alkenes were investigated. Optimization results for 0.2 mmol cyclooctene showed that maximum oxidation efficiency 88% was achieved at the optimum conditions: catalyst amount 200 mg, temperature 63, time 5 h and oxidant = 2.15 mmol.

The Cu (II) surfactantsof stearic and palmitic acids were synthesized which are greenish blue in colour and chosen for thermogravimetric and derivative thermal analysis. Their structure has been confirmed by elemental analysis, and mass spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric degradation of Cu (II) palmitate soap was studied for energy of activation. This shows that two step thermal degradation in the range of 423 K to 703 K. Various equations like coats-redfern (CR), horowitz-metzger (HM) and broido equations (BE) were applied to evaluate the energy of activation. Thermal degradation of solid components will be a good and significant method for the removal of the pollutant from the environment. The present study will play an important role for pollution controlling and in the field of green chemistry.

A new multi-site phase-transfer catalyst viz., N,N’-dihexyl-4,4’-bipyridinium dibromide (DSPTC) was synthesized from the low cost starting materials. The structures of the synthesized DSPTC and 1-(prop-2-ynyl)-1H-indole were evidenced by 1HNMR and 13C NMR. The potentiality of the new multi-site phase transfer catalyst was demonstrated by following the kinetics propargylation of the indole under pseudo-first order conditions by using the aqueous sodium hydroxide and indole in excess, and the reaction was monitored by gas chromatography. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency of the DSPTC was compared with the single-site phase-transfers catalysts.

The newly synthesized 3-(phenyl(phenylthio)methyl)-1H-indole ligand demonstrates chemosensor activity towards environmental and clinically important metal ions viz. Hg2+ and Cu2+, via fluorescence intensity enhancement. The rigid complex ceases non-radiative channels with respect to the free ligand. Incorporation of water and significant fluorescence enhancement in presence of interfering metal ions make the method superior over others and detect trace amount of metal ions into the aqueous based medium. Also, the detection of Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions are considered as subjects of an increasing societal demand as well as responsible for neurodegenerative disorders.

In this study, hybrid synthesized compounds were produced by the interaction between Sodium Montmorillonite clay (Na+-MMT) inorganic substance and of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) organic substance. In this regard, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole was dissolved in ethanol solvent. The addition of clay, timing and also mixing process accelerated the penetration of MBI organic substance into the interlayers spacing of Na+-MMT and a chemical reaction occurred between the functional groups of these two substances. Small-angle X-ray scattering test (SAXS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for validation of the interaction between the substances and determining the new structure. The antimicrobial properties of the hybrid synthesized compound against two types of bacteria, two types of fungus and one type of yeast were examined using well diffusion agar method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The diameter of inhibition zone was measured and their antimicrobial potential was compared with two common antibiotics: gentamicin and rifampin.

Nowadays, tend to use nanotechnology in various fields such as medical science and pharmacology have increased. Making nanoparticles can be done by different ways, but, due to the hazards and environmental pollution caused by them, green synthesis has attracted much attention. Green synthesis of biological resources such as plants, green algae, and microorganisms like bacteria and yeast are used for the production of nanoparticles. For the production of iron oxide nanoparticles this research, in line with the objectives of green synthesis, used the lactobacillus casei extract as a biological source. In this study, green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles were performed usingLactobacillus casei extract as a biological source cytoplasmic extract of lactobacillus casei and iron sulfate solution 10-3 M [pH=5.6] were mixed in a V/V 10 % volume ratio, and incubated for 3 weeks at 37 °C in the presence of 5% carbon dioxide. Synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles was studied by electron microscope and x-ray microdiffraction. After three weeks of incubation, the color of iron sulfate and the extract solution was changed from colorless to black. According to XRD analysis, synthesis of iron oxide nano crystals was confirmed. The average synthesized nanoparticles diameters as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was found to be about 15 nm with a spherical shape. Production of iron oxide nanoparticles through green synthesis method using cytoplasmic extract of lactobacillus casei as a microorganism probiotic is biologically safe, of low cost, simple, efficient, and eco-friendly treatment that has attracted a lot of attention in medicine, pharmacology, and targeted drug delivery.

Formamides, an important class of the amine derivatives, have widely used in the synthesis of the pharmaceutically valuable compounds. The N-formylmorpholine is chemically stable, non-toxic, and non-corrosive, due to its unique structure, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbon and water compatibility, and the dissolved aromatics which greatly reduces the relative volatility of the aromatics. In this research, we evaluate the synthesis of the N-formylmorpholine as green solvent from the reaction of the morpholine and formic acid under optimization conditions (Pressure=1 atmosphere and temperature=224 °C) in high yields. This compound was used as the green solvent for synthesis of the heterocyclic compounds.

The aim of this work is to study the extraction of the essential oil as a process that appeared to obtain the bioactive substances among the several extraction processes. A great number of extraction processes are available. In this study, the recent processes were compared with the conventional ones. Also, the economic evaluation of the extraction process plant including energy cost, manual labor, raw materials, and fixed costs were studied. We assessed the costs involved in the extraction process of the bioactive compounds. Carbon dioxide is the most desirable solvent for Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). Its attraction for the extraction of the heat-sensitive compounds is due to its critical temperature (304 °K). Solvent extraction and steam distillation process (SE?SD) may overcome many disadvantages that conventional solvent extraction and hydrodistillation bring about in the extraction of essential oil. This combination technology has been used in the extraction of essential oil from plant material for high quality, simple technology, and low cost. The microwave assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) is less tedious and minimizes the risk of the compound degradation at high temperatures. The MAHD presents distinct advantages for the fast and reproducible production process. The study of the ultrasound-enhanced subcritical water extraction process (USWE) showed many advantages such as: time-saving, environment-friendliness, and high efficiency.

A simple, rapid, precise, and accurate isocratic reversed-phase stability indicating HPLC method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of the nebivolol and valsartan in the tablet dosage form. The effective chromatographic separation was achieved by a YMC pack pro octadecyl silane (150×4.6 mm, 3 µm) column using a mobile phase composed of methanol: acetonitrile: 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (Ph=3.0 with 10% ortho phosphoric acid after addition of 0.2% triethylamine) (30:30:40, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV detection at 282 nm. Drugs were subjected to the acid, base, oxidation, heat, and photolysis to apply the stress. Linearity ranges were 5–30 µg/mL (r2= 0.9989) for nebivolol and 80-480 µg/mL (r2=0.9991) for valsartan. Limit of detection was 0.38 µg/mL and 1.08 µg/mL for nebivolol and valsartan, respectively. The limit of quantification for the nebivolol and valsartan was 1.15 µg/mL and 3.27 µg/mL, respectively.