Development of root architecture including lateral root formation is a critical event for successful growth of plants. Auxin promotes the production of nitric oxide (NO) in roots, which is required for auxin-mediated root organogenesis. Inhibition of auxin transport reduced phototropin1 (Phot1)-GFP expression at the basal and central part of LRs, indicating role of auxin in Phot1 expression in lateral roots. However, the involvement of auxin-mediated NO on Phot1 expression in LR growth and development yet to be explored. This review gives an insight that auxin-mediated NO may lead to LR growth and development through interacting with Phot1.

Gentamicin is most frequently used aminoglycoside antibiotic. Despite its wide use, the effects of gentamicin have not been clearly studied in relation to alteration of hemato-biochemical parameters and liver injury. In the present study, to evaluate the effects of gentamicin on behavioral, hematological, biochemical and morphological parameters of liver, Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 experimental groups (group A: control; group B: pharmacological dose; group C: pharmacological dose rate with chronic treatment, and group D: high dose with chronic treatment). All the mice from group C and D showed dullness, fearness, roughness of the body coat, anorexia and weakness. Liver weight and size were increased significantly in the mice of group C and D than that of group A or group B. Similarly, in hematological study, Total erythrocyte count (TEC), Total leukocyte count (TLC) and hemoglobin (Hb) % values were decreased significantly, whereas, Alanine amino transferase (ALT) values were increased significantly in the mice of group C and D. In addition, congestion and dark coloration with hepatomegaly were found in treated group C and D. Histological study revealed that the liver parenchyma showed central vein congestion, lymphocytic infiltration, irregular size of hepatocyte and dilatation of sinusoids of treated group C and D. Taken together, our current study suggests that although pharmacological dose of Gentamicin has no adverse effect on liver but chronic pharmacological dose or chronic high dose has serious adverse effect on liver. These observations lead us to postulate that gentamicin induces liver tissue damage after long term treatment.

Johann Jacob Harder first described the Harderian gland in 1694 in deer. It is found in most terrestrial animals and is located within the variable aspects of the orbit. It is believed that this gland is involved in diverse functions. Among these, it has been held to be a site of immune response, a source of thermoregulatory lipids and pheromones, act as photoprotective organ as well as part of a retinal-pineal axis. In birds, this glad was reported first in sparrow in 1918. The Harderian gland is covered by capsule and the connective tissue septa that divide the gland into numerous unequal-sized lobes and lobules. Plasma cells are found in the interacinar space and the lumina of lobules. The recent studies suggest that the Harderian gland act as an immunopotent organ in birds, and that the gland in scavenging birds contains more immunoglobulin-containing plasma cells due to their scavenging nature. Moreover, this gland shows considerable species/strain differences in terms of macro anatomy, microanatomy as well as in the dynamics of immunoglobulin-containing plasma cells among different birds. In this review, these species and strain differences are discussed based on recent studies and several goals of future research are identified.

Seeds of white hyacinth bean available in Khulna, Bangladesh were investigated to assess bioactivities such as antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. For the evaluation of bioactivities solvent extraction was performed by using 50% ethanol and 50% methanol. In the present study, in vitro antibacterial screening was done by the method known as disc diffusion assay. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity was screened by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Both the extracts exhibited excellent activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. For ethanolic extract of white hyacinth bean, maximum zone of inhibition was found 17.75 mm at 1000 µg/disc against Staphylococcus epidermidis and 16.75 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. On the other hand, for methanolic extract the maximum zone of inhibition was found as 17.25 mm for 1000 µg/disc against Escherichia coli and 16.75 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In comparison to ethanolic extract, methanolic extract was found to be more active against all tested microorganisms. Compared to vincristine sulphate (with LC50 of 0.99 µg/ml) both ethanolic and methanolic extracts of hyacinth bean seeds showed toxicity lower than 100 µg/ml and they were 34.67 µg/ml and 45.5 µg/ml, respectively. The LC50 values suggest moderate cytotoxicity of the tested samples. The experimental findings could be correlated with the traditional medicinal uses of the seeds of this plant and showed the rational for further investigation which would be required for isolating the possible bioactive constituents responsible for such activities.

Wharton’s jelly (WJ) is a gelatinous tissue exists in the umbilical cord contains stromal cells, termed as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Current study designed to characterize the stem cell population both within the cord blood and it’s wharton’s jelly tissue and it’s correlation to neonatal parameters. Both wharton’s jelly and cord blood and their CD34+ and CD90+ expression was enumerated by flow-cytometry. Neonatal parameters along with the mode of delivery were analyzed to correlate with CD34 and CD90 markers. From a total of 20 deliveries, CD34 and CD90 expression pattern showed varied in both samples. Gender and the expression of CD34 and CD90 markers doesn’t show any significant change. Whereas, correlation analysis of weight with CD34+ and CD90+ cell counts showed significant difference and it may have the effect on both cell counts. Neonatal parameters especially birth weight may have the effect on cell count of CD34 and CD90 in both CB and WJ. Current study provide a fast method for mesenchymal cell isolation from Wharton’s jelly tissue using the total length of the cord, which may be easily applied along with the UC blood, for the banking of UC.

VGF (non-acronymic), belonging to a large granin family, gives rise to a number of bioactive peptides by proteolysis and exert an extensive array of biological effects on energy metabolism, pain modulation, gastric secretion function, reproduction, mood regulation, and, diabetes. Among VGF-derived peptides, TLQP-21 (The first four amino acids, in short TLQP (Thr-Leu-Gln-Pro) generalizes the nomenclature of the peptide by its length) is the most studied although little is known yet about downstream molecular mechanisms of action of VGF-derived peptides like TLQP-21. So here as a preliminary analysis, total protein expression was carried out in addition to the phosphoproteomic study of SH-SY5Y cells treated with TLQP-21, using the same cell extracts. Comparison of simple 1D SDS-PAGE gels stained with SYPRO® Ruby protein gel stain was carried out to assess whether changes in protein expression could be seen even at such low separation resolution. Expression of several proteins most likely Microtubule-associated protein 1B (MW 271 kDa), Tubulin beta chain (MW 57), Tubulin beta-4B chain (MW 50), Alpha-2-macroglobulin (MW 163), etc. in TLQP-21 treated and control samples was found significantly different, indicating that the peptide TLQP-21 exerts biological effects on SH-SY5Y cells. Further studies are required to validate the identity of the modulated proteins, obtained from mass spectrometry. Identification of modulated proteins after TLQP-21 treatment would open new avenues to discover the molecular mechanisms of its physiological and pharmacological state.

?- aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an essential metabolite which plays a crucial role in signal transmission, stress metabolism, and some other activities also reported. Although the actual function of GABA shunt is not clearly understood. Three key enzymes, gamma aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and succinic semialdehyde reductase are involved in GABA shunt mechanism en route from glutamate to the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)which could pave the way of GABA shunt action. The enzyme gamma aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) could also play a key role in GABA shunt action by converting GABA to succinic semialdehyde (SSA).In this study, the protein sequence of ?-aminobutyric acid transaminase of Brassica napus (Rape) was retrieved from UniProt protein database and analyzed GABA-T enzyme using different bioinformatics tools and servers to analyze the physiochemical properties, amino acid composition, conformational states, and 3D structure. We found that our experimental protein sequence was very unstable, and the graph of Local Quality Estimate showed that the sequence was porn to mutation and value of Z score was above two in comparison with a non-redundant set of PDB structure. In addition, the phylogenetic tree revealed that GABA-T of Dendrobium officinale, Phoenix dactylifera, Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus evolved from a common ancestor gene.

Soybean and Canola oil are widely consumed cooking oils all over the world. Oils and fats are harmful to health so the experiment was conducted to study the possible histo-toxicological impacts of long term dietary supplementation of Soybean and Canola oil on liver in Swiss albino mice. A total of 30 male Swiss albino mice at 6 weeks old were used in the study and inconstantly prorated into 5 equivalent groups as group A was considered as control, group B1 (25 ml so/kg pellet) and B2 (35 ml so/kg pellet) were supplemented with Soybean oil (so) and group C1 (25 ml co/kg pellet) and C2 (35 ml co/kg pellet) supplemented with Canola oil (co) respectively in addition to pellet for 60 days. After completion of study period samples (blood and liver) were collected from the mice of each group and the biochemical, gross and histopathological study was performed. The biochemical study revealed that ALT and AST values were increased significantly in Soybean and Canola oil supplemented groups comparing that of the control group. Gross study revealed that significantly higher liver weight was found in Soybean and Canola oil supplemented groups of mice than the control group. Histopathological study revealed that congested portal vein and dilated bile duct was found in the liver of Soybean oil supplemented groups of mice. There was a congested portal vein was found in the liver of Canola oil supplemented groups of mice. From the present experiment, it could be concluded that Soybean and Canola oil have histo-toxicological effects on the liver of mice.

Pigments are a type of coloring component which are utilized by humans to enhance colors in their lives. Using synthetic pigments for the purpose of coloring food, clothes, fruit juices, paints are accepted worldwide previously, but due to hazardous impact of synthetic colors on environment, and on human health made to go for alternative sources of the pigments which are safe to use. Isolation of natural pigment is another preference that will increase the supply of pigment from natural sources while minimizing environmental and health risks. Thus, there is a growing necessity for biocolor derived from natural sources that can substitute synthetic colors. Natural colorants are commonly found from plants, animals, and microorganisms. Plant pigments have several benefits, so it seems much of prominence for pigment production. Bixa orellana and Beta vulgaris were isolated for yellow, orange, and red color pigments from natural ecological source. Pigment extraction from plants requires extract preparation and then isolation of pigments using different solvents. Extracted pigments were analyzed by preliminary screening techniques such as phytochemical assay and various confirmation tests. We found positive results for flavonoid, tannin, carbohydrate, protein, saponin and alkaloid using phytochemical assays. HPTLC fingerprinting was done for each extract and found positive result for alkaloid and phenolic compounds. Thus, it was aimed to develop the extraction analytical methods for determination of Bixa Orellana and Beta Vulgaris spp. by HPTLC fingerprint approach.