The present study investigates the zoo-chemical profiling, anti-inflammatory, and radical scavenging activities of Luffariella herdmani marine sponge extract. The sponge crude extract (SCE) was prepared by methanol/dichloromethane extraction, followed by rotary evaporation. The percentage yield was calculated, and the zoo-chemicals were investigated by standard methods, while anti-inflammatory activity was tested by protein denaturation assay. Radical scavenging activity of the SCE was tested against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and peroxide radicals, while in vivo toxicity was evaluated by the Artemia salina lethality assay. The results indicated the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, unsaturated sterols, sterols, and saponins in the SCE while flavanoids, quinones, tannins, and phenols were absent. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity against protein denaturation with IC50 of 58.54 µg/ml was evidenced while radical scavenging activity was not reported. The SCE was toxic to A. salina larvae with LC50 of 14.34 µg/ml. In conclusion, L. herdmani sponge extract possesses in vitro anti-inflammatory, in vivo toxic properties, yet radical scavenging activity was absent. The presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, unsaturated sterols, sterols, and saponins with reported anti-inflammatory properties is suggestive of the use of L. herdmani sponge extract as an anti-inflammatory drug lead.

The research was undertaken to investigate the important bacterial zoonotic diseases in slaughtered cattle in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. The targeted diseases were tuberculosis (TB), leptospirosis, listeriosis, and brucellosis. Samples (mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, and liver) were collected from 50 slaughtered cattle from different slaughterhouses in Mymensingh district during the periods from October 2019 to November 2021. The diagnosis was made based on gross pathological findings and histopathology by hematoxylin and eosin staining and acid-fast staining. The confirmatory diagnosis was done by polymerase chain reaction using disease-specific primers. Grossly, calcifications and caseation of mesenteric lymph nodes, caseous nodule formation in the liver and lungs, and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were the predominant lesions seen. Histopathologically, caseous necrosis and calcification surrounded by fibrous connective tissues in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and granuloma mixed with acid-fast bacteria in the liver were seen as suggestive of infectivity due to TB. Marked lymphoid depletion was seen in listeriosis suspected cases. The PCR amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (372 bp/16S rRNA), M. bovis (MPB83/600 bp), Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjoprajitno (HP/323 bp) and Listeria monocytogenes (InlC/517 bp) species-specific amplicons in 09, 09, 05, and 05 cattle, respectively. Brucellosis was not identified in any cases in this study. In conclusion, deadly zoonotic diseases (TB, leptospirosis, and listeriosis) are present in slaughtered cattle having public health importance. Therefore, more extensive monitoring and epidemiological surveys are necessary for the effective prevention and control of zoonotic diseases of cattle.

Since Streptococcus mutans appears to be the most common cause of dental caries, appropriate laboratory media is necessary for the proper detection and management of this bacterium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mitis salivarius agar (MSA) compared to conventional blood agar media (BAM) for detection of bacterium. This study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of the Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi, Bangladesh from April 2017 to December 2017. The sample, dental swab was taken from 200 children, aged between 6-18 years who underwent dental caries and residing in Rajshahi district. All specimens were cultured to identify and compare the morphologic characteristics of its colonies both in MSA and BAM. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed. This prospective observational study was conducted through regular and continuous monitoring of the results. Out of 200 specimens, the growth rate was 82%. Higher growth was observed in MSA (39.5%) than BAM (24.1%). Of them, we found 53.1% multi-drug resistant mutans. The most resistance was to Penicillin G (100%) followed by Azithromycin (95.3%). The study findings would help to increase the detection of mutans and its pattern for proper treatment towards the improvement of children’s dental health in Bangladesh.

Body fluids are frequently recovered by forensic investigators from crime scenes, and their identification is an important aspect of forensic case analysis. Determining the type and origin of human fluids recovered at a crime scene will give essential information for crime scene reconstruction by establishing a link between sample donors and actual criminal activity. The expression levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-10b, miR-135b, miR-16, miR-126, miR-124-3p, and miR-372 in seminal fluids, blood, vaginal fluid stains, and their mixture, were measured using a quantitative real-time PCR technique. Using SNORD-47 as a reference gene, the target genes’ identification and stability were assessed. miR-10b and miR-135b were expressed at higher levels in seminal fluids stains than in vaginal secretion stains; miR-124-3p and miR-372 were expressed at higher levels in vaginal stains than in seminal fluids stains; miR-16 and miR-126 were expressed at a higher level in bloodstains than in both seminal fluids and vaginal stains, and six miRNAs were expressed in seminal fluids/vaginal/blood mix stains. In conclusion, the results indicate that the expression levels of miR-10b and miR-135b (seminal fluids), miR-124-3p and miR-372 (vaginal secretion), and miR-16 and miR-126 (blood) were higher in these samples compared to the housekeeping gene SNORD-47.

The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a major global pandemic and of paramount public health concern. Over the years, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has emerged as the gold standard of AIDS treatment. However, drug resistance and toxicity, and drug accessibility and compliance issues have blunted its positive impacts. Thirty years into the AIDS pandemic, there is a critical need of the hour to identify and develop an effective treatment strategy that can be successfully implemented with high levels of coverage. The HIV-1 life cycle bestows numerous potential targets for therapeutic intervention, however, only a few have been exploited till date. HIV- 1 encodes fifteen viral proteins from just nine genes. The expression of structural polyproteins Gag, Pol, and Env enable the assembly of the virion, the regulatory proteins Rev and Tat regulate viral gene expression and the accessory proteins Vpu, Nef, Vpr, and Vif equip the virion to evade or counteract host immune defenses. In this review article, we highlight each structural, regulatory, and accessory protein’s role in the context of the HIV-1 life cycle. We also discuss anti-retroviral therapy, its advantages, and shortcomings. Finally, we provide insight into various unexploited and potential therapeutic targets in the life cycle of HIV.

Anemia and thyroid disorders are global health issues that affect all ages but are more apparent in women. In this case, some serological components responsible for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) downregulation in women have been found actively regulated through a complex vitamin D3 mediated mechanism. This research has been investigated the correlation between activated vitamin D3 and the serological components responsible for IDA and dysregulation of TSH in childbearing and non-child-bearing women of different health conditions. Experimental sampling from 482 women suffering from both IDA and TSH dysregulation was taken, aged between 0 and 70 years. Serological parameters, such as iron, total iron-binding capacity, and ferritin, were assessed for IDA profiling, whereas thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxin were for TSH profiling based on the individual’s serum vitamin D3 concentration. The resulting serological data were interpreted using sophisticated computer programming language and algorithms for quantitative biochemical analysis. The study resulted in a significant correlation between FT4 and vitamin D3 (p < 0.0001) for all age groups. TSH also showed strong interactions with the fluctuation of vitamin D3 levels (p < 0.0001), except for the children aged below 10 years (p < 0.063). The iron, TIBC, TSH, and FT4 showed phenomenal regulation with the steroidal-vitamin D3 concentration for congenital patients. Unlike the others, ferritin has a substantial connection with activated Vitamin D3 (p < 0.0064) fluctuation in the serum. To ratify, the concentrations of TSH, FT4, iron, TIBC, and ferritin were found to be significantly interconnected in terms of serum vitamin D3 concentration in women suffering from IDA and TSH downregulation simultaneously. In addition, the BMI condition of the patients can be a major factor in terms of correlating vitamin D3 with the regulatory factors of IDA and thyroid TSH as resulted in this research. To understand the accuracy and efficacy of the serum vitamin D3 in IDA and TSH downregulation, some other inflammatory markers and parathyroid hormone analysis of many samples can be conducted in continuation of this study.

Medicinal plants have been extensively studied since ancient times and exploited for their various therapeutic applications. These plants have a repository of numerous beneficial chemical constituents imputable to their possible bioactive metabolites. Throughout the ages, turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has a renowned nutritional and therapeutic importance. Each part of turmeric like rhizome, roots, stems, and leaves has its own medicinal properties. Inorder to recover endophytic mycoflora, epiphytic mycoflora must be eliminated via different sterilization techniques. In the present study, different sterilization methods have been assessed to isolate fungal endophytes from different parts of Curcuma longa L. The method involving the sequential washing of plant tissues with ethanol, sodium hypochlorite and ethanol used found more proficient in eliminating epiphytes. Five different surface sterilization treatments were evaluated for rhizome, roots, stem, and leaves of turmeric plant. Moreover, treatment 5 with combination of 70% ethanol for 1 min., followed by 2% sodium chloride for 2 to 3 min (2 min for leaf, and stem; 3 min for roots and rhizome) and 70 % ethanol for 30 seconds was found effective. A total of 38 fungal endophytes were recovered and screened for antibacterial activity against human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Out of 38 isolates, only 11 (28.9%) isolates were found effective in inhibiting either one or all test pathogens. The results confirmed that turmeric plant of Haridwar region represents an extremely rich reservoir of potential endophytic mycoflora with possible source of novel bioactive metabolites. Further studies will resolute the potential of endophytic fungi for various biological activities such as antioxidant, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory.

Globally the most common cause of human death is cancer. But still, all information is unavailable to detect cancer in the early stage, and the relation of groups of the gene with cancer has to explore. HTRA serine proteases facilitate cellular homeostasis. Oncogenesis and response to treatment have been connected to their dysfunction in several typical human tissues. The present study aimed to assess the expression pattern of HTRA1 and HTRA2 in different cancers and evaluate the prognostic outcome in cancer. Various bioinformatics databases and methodologies are used in this study, including Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier plotter, OncoLnc, R2 platform, PrognoScan databases, GEPIA, cBioPortal, STRING, KEGG, and Reactome pathways analyses. The expression of HTRA1 and HTRA2 was analyzed, and different web-based bioinformatics platforms were used to determine their functional protein partners and correlated genes. Moreover, the cross-cancer interaction between HTRA1 and HTRA2 with mutations and CNAs was explored. GO and pathway analysis was used to assess the impact of these associated characteristics on certain cancers. In prognosis analysis, a positive correlation was found between HTRA1 overexpression and poor prognosis in pancreatic, kidney, colon, and rectum cancer. A significant positive relationship between HTRA2 overexpression and poor survival was found in pancreatic, skin, and colon cancer patients. We found that HTRA1 in individuals with pancreatic, kidney, and colon cancers might be targeted for cancer therapy, and HTRA2 could be used as a prognostic biomarker for skin, pancreatic, and colon cancers. Meantime, both genes might be possible targets for colon and pancreatic cancer.

Magnesium oxide (MgO) is one of the most promising nanoparticles due to its mono-metallic oxide group, High melting point, no toxicity issues, high hardness, and high purity. For those reasons, these materials were used in many fields including medicine, agriculture, electronics, energy, and environmental protection. Leuconostoc spp. was used as a facility to biosynthesize MgO nanoparticles, then optimized pH and Mg (NO3)2.6H2O concentration for its antibacterial activity and cellular immunity reactions including skin sensitivity through studying Interleukin 1-Beta (IL-1ß), Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) responding. The study shows that the optimum pH for Magnesium Oxide (MgO) biosynthesis was 12, optimum Mg (NO3)2.6H2O concentration was 0.1 M, while antibacterial activity shows a high effect on Gram-negative bacteria with 125 µg/ml as minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) and 500 µg/ml as minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), the immunity study appeared that the MgO nanoparticles (MgONPs) altered the immunity response in skin test duration and diameter of MgONPs as 1.31±0.55, 9.33±1.15, 11.33±1.75 and 8.33±0.75 mm after 4,24,84 and 72 hours, respectively. IL-1ß, IL-17 and IL-2 show significant differences compared to the control group at P-value = 0.05 as 82.305±13.38, 101.444±16.943 and 49.781±5.264, respectively. MgONPs can be used as an alternative treatment for multidrug resistance MDR bacteria due to their high effectiveness against bacterial growth, MgONPs induced the cellular immunity response in rabbit tissues as delivery of immunogen.

The MAPK-ERK, as well as PI3K-AKT signaling transduction pathway, represents a pivotal function in tumorigenesis. Genetic alterations of potential tumor-driven genes, for instance, KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA can result in uncontrolled cell proliferation and progression. The main aims of the study were not only to identify the prevalence of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, PIK3CA molecular modifications but also to evaluate the relationship between gene changes and clinical and/or pathological characteristics of 251 Vietnamese colorectal cancer. Genetic abnormalities on KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA were detected through the utility of Realtime PCR, Pyrosequencing, and Direct sequencing methods, respectively. The frequency of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations were 34.3%, 6.4%, 7.2%, and 17.5%, in turn. KRAS mutation was mutually exclusive against that of NRAS and BRAF mutations in CRC. BRAF, as well as RAS/RAF mutations, were more usual in older age. A significant association between PIK3CA mutations and age together with differentiation of CRC was determined. In addition, PIK3CA mutation tended to coexist with KRAS but not with NRAS and BRAF mutation. Our results indicate the information of molecular markers that contribute to self-sufficient oncogenic mechanisms in the carcinogenesis of CRC.

The intestine of poultry plays a significant role in the health and production through enzymatic and microbial digestion of feed as well as absorption of nutrients. The current study was designed to explore the gross and histological alterations in the broiler duodenum and cecum triggered by dietary dexamethasone (DEX). The study was conducted on four homogenous groups of one-day-old chicks (20 chicks/group) i.e. one control (Non-DEX) and three treatment groups (DEX-1, DEX-2, and DEX-3). The broilers were fed commercial broiler feed containing DEX at the rate of 0, 3, 5, and 7mg/kg feed in the Non-DEX, DEX-1, DEX-2, and DEX-3 groups, respectively. The gross morphologic and morphometric data were recorded immediately after the collection of samples on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Then, the tissue samples were processed for histological investigation. In the gross morphometric study, the weight, length, and width of the intestine were found significantly less in the DEX groups. Histopathological study results showed degeneration of intestinal glands (duodenum), mucosa, and lymphatic nodules with loss of lymphatic nodules (cecum). The percentage of the degenerated nodule was also increased. The length, width, and surface area of the duodenal villi, thickness of the mucosal layer of the cecum, and diameter of the cecal lymphatic nodules were substantially decreased in all the DEX groups. The magnitude of the alterations was associated with both the dose and duration of DEX treatment. However, the current study results indicate that DEX treatment significantly alters the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the broiler intestine.

Natural products contain several ingredients that can treat number of ailments. Due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, natural resources are being looked at as an alternative source to combat harmful microbes. This can reduce the effects on harmful microbes by obtaining antibacterial compounds derived from natural resources. The aim of present study is to explore some new potent varieties of unexplored wild mushroom species to investigate their effects on microbial activity. In this study hexane, chloroform, methanol, 70% ethanol, and hot water extracts of Cantharellus cibarius, Phellinus pectinatus, Laccaria laccata, Trametes versicolor, and Gloeophyllum sepiarium were tested for antibacterial activity against nine bacterial strains namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aerouginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis by disk diffusion method. The present study showing that Phellinus pectinatus and Gloeophyllum sepiarium mushroom species methanol and Ethanol extracts are most active against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aerouginosa bacterial strains. The present study reveals important secondary metabolites compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, etc. were present in wild mushroom extracts. Out of 5 extracts, methanol and ethanol extract have been shown a great potential as antimicrobial secondary metabolites compared to other extracts. The result of present research is expressing the high potency of extracts to stop the growth of bacteria and this extract can be further suggested for medical utilizations and could be used as natural antimicrobial source.