The term ‘sepsis’ can be referred to as the dysfunction of organ(s) because of dysregulated and uncontrolled response of the host to that particular infection. As per statistics, more than 15 million sepsis cases have been recorded every year with around a 20% mortality rate. So, it is needless to mention the major threat this cytokine storm-induced syndrome is posing to public health throughout the world as both infectious and noninfectious diseases are involved with cytokine storm. A lot of evidence can be found on the major pathophysiological impact of cytokines during an infection, but no specific or effective treatment is available to target any inflammation effectively in sepsis. Numerous research has pointed out that it is possible to reduce the rate of mortality in severe sepsis by administering a low dosage of corticosteroids but unfortunately, no clinical benefits have been recorded during a large-scale clinical trial. But it is proven in a meta-analysis that anti-TNF treatment had been able to demonstrate a major reduction in the mortality rate of sepsis. The review would highlight some of the therapeutic interventions currently available to treat sepsis to get an overview. We would also focus on the association of cytokine storm in inducing sepsis.

Compared to other pandemic diseases, COVID-19 had the highest transmission rate and high fatality risk. Diabetes is the hand was also one of the most frequent diseases among individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between diabetic patients infected by COVID-19 and some hematological parameters associated with diabetes and COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 were diagnosed by PCR and/or chest computer topography (CT) scan, eight parameters were detected by AFIAS-6. The results of eight parameters for patients with diabetes mellitus infected with COVID-19 and patients with COVID-19 only showed that the Mean of Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin HbA1c, Insulin Sensitivity (INS) and ferritin show significant differences at (0.000, 0.000, 0.017, 0.000) respectively for the two groups, while insulin resistance (INR), insulin (IN), C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer don’t show any significant differences for two groups, the statistical analysis performed at P-value = 0.01 and 0.05. Infection duration results showed that the mean Insulin level (IN) and D-dimer show significant differences at (0.033 and 0.011) respectively for all infection duration categories, while FBG, HbA1c, INR, INS, CRP, and ferritin don’t show any significant differences for all day’s category. The Correlation Coefficients Between diabetes mellitus patients infected with COVID-19 and blood parameters highly correlated between FBG with INR at (0.647), HbA1c with IN at (0.078), INR with IN at (0.791), INS with CT-Scan at (0.058), CRP with D-dimer at (0.287), D-dimer with ferritin at (0.331), Ferritin with infection duration at (0.098). In conclusion, we find that the diabetes mellitus patients infected with COVID-19 suffer from a high increase of inflammatory proteins and parameters associated with diabetes compared to other patients infected with COVID-19 only, making them more susceptible to disease and more deaths compared to other people.

Compared to other pandemic diseases, COVID-19 had the highest transmission rate and high fatality risk. Diabetes is the hand was also one of the most frequent diseases among individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between diabetic patients infected by COVID-19 and some hematological parameters associated with diabetes and COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 were diagnosed by PCR and/or chest computer topography (CT) scan, eight parameters were detected by AFIAS-6. The results of eight parameters for patients with diabetes mellitus infected with COVID-19 and patients with COVID-19 only showed that the Mean of Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin HbA1c, Insulin Sensitivity (INS) and ferritin show significant differences at (0.000, 0.000, 0.017, 0.000) respectively for the two groups, while insulin resistance (INR), insulin (IN), C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer don’t show any significant differences for two groups, the statistical analysis performed at P-value = 0.01 and 0.05. Infection duration results showed that the mean Insulin level (IN) and D-dimer show significant differences at (0.033 and 0.011) respectively for all infection duration categories, while FBG, HbA1c, INR, INS, CRP, and ferritin don’t show any significant differences for all day’s category. The Correlation Coefficients Between diabetes mellitus patients infected with COVID-19 and blood parameters highly correlated between FBG with INR at (0.647), HbA1c with IN at (0.078), INR with IN at (0.791), INS with CT-Scan at (0.058), CRP with D-dimer at (0.287), D-dimer with ferritin at (0.331), Ferritin with infection duration at (0.098). In conclusion, we find that the diabetes mellitus patients infected with COVID-19 suffer from a high increase of inflammatory proteins and parameters associated with diabetes compared to other patients infected with COVID-19 only, making them more susceptible to disease and more deaths compared to other people.

Compared to other pandemic diseases, COVID-19 had the highest transmission rate and high fatality risk. Diabetes is the hand was also one of the most frequent diseases among individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between diabetic patients infected by COVID-19 and some hematological parameters associated with diabetes and COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 were diagnosed by PCR and/or chest computer topography (CT) scan, eight parameters were detected by AFIAS-6. The results of eight parameters for patients with diabetes mellitus infected with COVID-19 and patients with COVID-19 only showed that the Mean of Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin HbA1c, Insulin Sensitivity (INS) and ferritin show significant differences at (0.000, 0.000, 0.017, 0.000) respectively for the two groups, while insulin resistance (INR), insulin (IN), C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer don’t show any significant differences for two groups, the statistical analysis performed at P-value = 0.01 and 0.05. Infection duration results showed that the mean Insulin level (IN) and D-dimer show significant differences at (0.033 and 0.011) respectively for all infection duration categories, while FBG, HbA1c, INR, INS, CRP, and ferritin don’t show any significant differences for all day’s category. The Correlation Coefficients Between diabetes mellitus patients infected with COVID-19 and blood parameters highly correlated between FBG with INR at (0.647), HbA1c with IN at (0.078), INR with IN at (0.791), INS with CT-Scan at (0.058), CRP with D-dimer at (0.287), D-dimer with ferritin at (0.331), Ferritin with infection duration at (0.098). In conclusion, we find that the diabetes mellitus patients infected with COVID-19 suffer from a high increase of inflammatory proteins and parameters associated with diabetes compared to other patients infected with COVID-19 only, making them more susceptible to disease and more deaths compared to other people.

Compared to other pandemic diseases, COVID-19 had the highest transmission rate and high fatality risk. Diabetes is the hand was also one of the most frequent diseases among individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between diabetic patients infected by COVID-19 and some hematological parameters associated with diabetes and COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 were diagnosed by PCR and/or chest computer topography (CT) scan, eight parameters were detected by AFIAS-6. The results of eight parameters for patients with diabetes mellitus infected with COVID-19 and patients with COVID-19 only showed that the Mean of Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin HbA1c, Insulin Sensitivity (INS) and ferritin show significant differences at (0.000, 0.000, 0.017, 0.000) respectively for the two groups, while insulin resistance (INR), insulin (IN), C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer don’t show any significant differences for two groups, the statistical analysis performed at P-value = 0.01 and 0.05. Infection duration results showed that the mean Insulin level (IN) and D-dimer show significant differences at (0.033 and 0.011) respectively for all infection duration categories, while FBG, HbA1c, INR, INS, CRP, and ferritin don’t show any significant differences for all day’s category. The Correlation Coefficients Between diabetes mellitus patients infected with COVID-19 and blood parameters highly correlated between FBG with INR at (0.647), HbA1c with IN at (0.078), INR with IN at (0.791), INS with CT-Scan at (0.058), CRP with D-dimer at (0.287), D-dimer with ferritin at (0.331), Ferritin with infection duration at (0.098). In conclusion, we find that the diabetes mellitus patients infected with COVID-19 suffer from a high increase of inflammatory proteins and parameters associated with diabetes compared to other patients infected with COVID-19 only, making them more susceptible to disease and more deaths compared to other people.

Fungal extracts are considered a promising source of bioactive compounds that represent the basic core of the drug industry. This study aimed at exploring the antimicrobial, antioxidant and larvicidal activities of three ethyl acetate extracts of three fungal isolates Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicilluim griseofulvum. These fungi were isolated from sediment samples collected in water courses of three Egyptian governorates; Giza, Qalubeya and Gharbeya, during a year from January to December 2019, molecularly identified using 18Sr RNA technique and were grown on rice medium for 14 days and extracted with ethyl acetate. GC-MS examination of the extracts led to identification of 15, 29 and 24 compounds, respectively. Hexadecanoic acid was detected as a main component in the investigated extracts. Moreover, in Folin-Ciocalteu’s assay, the tested fungal extracts showed noticeable total phenolic contents (TPCs) values of 115.84, 88.24 and 73.22, respectively for Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium griseofulvum and Fusarium oxysporum. Additionally, Aspergillus fumigatus extract exhibited strong total antioxidant capacity (TAC) value of 409.46 mg AAE/g dry extract, followed by Penicillium griseofulvum and Fusarium oxysporum extracts with TAC values of 299.28 and 281.31 mg AAE/g dry extract, respectively. All extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (G+ve bacterium), Escherichia coli (G-ve bacterium), Candida albicans (yeast) and Aspergillus niger (Fungus). Also, the extracts showed high larvicidal activity against miracidia and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. In conclusion, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicilluim griseofulvum are excellent sources of bioactive compounds which have multiple biological effects.

The delivery of proteins has enormous potential in chronic disease treatment and immunomodulation. But, because of the intrinsic properties of proteins such as poor stability and quick bio clearance, their usage is limited in targeted delivery. This work suggests a cost-effective method to prepare an efficient polymer-based nanocarrier system for the sustained delivery of protein. Herein, low molecular weight chitosan (CS) was extracted from the shell waste of squilla (Harpiosquilla annandalei) (sCS) and characterized. It showed higher water-binding capacity (WBC) of 548 ± 11.7% as well as fat binding capacity (FBC) of 369 ± 19.9% respectively, as compared to commercial CS (cCS). BSA loaded nanoparticles were synthesized through the ionic gelation method using cCS and sCS. The sCS-based BSA encapsulated nanoparticles (BSA-sCSNPs) were observed to be uniform and small (60-195 nm) as compared to BSA loaded cCS-based nanoparticles (BSA-cCSNPs). The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was highest for 1 mg/mL CS, BSA, and tripolyphosphate (TPP) based BSA-sCSNPs. Moreover, the in vitro BSA release profile exhibited that BSA-sCSNPs resulted in more stable and sustained release till the 16th h (85.4 ± 1.15%) than BSA-cCSNPs. Further, the sCS and BSA-sCSNPs were biocompatible with L929 cells and showed no cytotoxic effects. Thus, this biocompatible nanoparticle system can be used as a pharmaceutical as well as a nutraceutical agent to improve the stability as well as targeted delivery of the protein.

At a concentration of 4 g/L, an enteric polymer is utilized to target drug release in the small intestine and causes considerable toxicity in cells. Our ecology and ecosystem are also harmed by their non-biodegradable qualities. We isolated and identified polymer-degrading bacteria from industrial effluent in this work. The isolated strain’s morphological, biochemical, and antibiotic sensitivities were also examined. The isolated strain was found to be gram-negative, round-shaped, and non-motile in morphological tests, while biochemical tests revealed it to be negative in starch agar and TSI but positive in methyl red, mannitol salt, simmon citrate, urea agar, and catalase test. The isolated strain was highly resistant to ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. The isolated bacterium was identified as Acinetobacter sp. by 16S rRNA sequencing. Additionally, Acinetobacter sp. strains of Escherichia coli and Brevibacillus sp. were used separately to observe the degradation of five synthesized non-biodegradable polymers (maleic acid propane-1,2 diol glycerol co-polyester, maleic acid phthalic acid propane-1,2 diol glycerol co-polyester, maleic acid phthalic acid butan-1,4 diol glycerol co-polyester, phthalic acid succinic acid propane-1,2 diol glycerol co-polyester, and phthalic acid succinic acid buten-1,4 diol glycerol co-polyester. The capacity of all three strains to degrade the above-mentioned polymers was greater than 75%. E. coli, for example, had a rapid disintegration rate but was responsible for human gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections. As a result, our isolated Acinetobacter sp. can be employed to degrade synthetic polymers.

The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test is one of the most popular and specific diagnostic tests to easily recognize the Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV) genome in clinical samples. The sensitivity of the RT-PCR test depends on gene-targeted primer sets. The literature appears to be lacking in designing primers used in RT-PCR to detect PPRV genome in Bangladesh. This study aimed to develop an N gene based PPRV primer set, a standardized RT-PCR protocol, and its validity test by comparison with other available primers. A total of 70 clinical samples and 10 PPRV positive isolates were used in real-time RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR using one pair designed primer set NF/NR and three pairs of published gene F1/F2, F1b/F2b and N1/N2. N gene based PPRV primer sets (NF/NR) were designed from a published sequence of PPRV (Accession number GQ122187.1). Statistical analysis was carried out. The designed N gene-based primer positive PPRV samples were sequenced and analyzed. The N gene-based primer sets were more sensitive to PPRV detection than F gene-based primer (P =.002) in the RT-PCR test. PPRV detects the highest (86%) of clinical samples in the RT-PCR test using a designed N gene-based primer. Sequence analysis showed that designed N gene-based the 402bp sequence of PPRV isolates is clustered with other Bangladeshi PPRV isolates and belongs to Lineage IV. New primers sets were designed from the conserved region of the N gene of PPRV. Designed primer sets successfully worked in real-time RT-PCR. The standardized RT-PCR protocol with the designed primer sets (NF/NR) can be used for the specific detection of PPRV from clinical samples.

Angiotensin-II is considered as a peptide responsible for the vascular dysfunction and complications in various tissues including liver through inducing free radicle mediated oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ramipril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor), on oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In this investigation, rats were divided into four groups (six rats in each group): control, control +ramipril, alloxan, and alloxan+ ramipril. A single dose (90 mg/kg) of alloxan was given intra-peritoneally to induce type two diabetes. After the induction of diabetes, ramipril (10 mg/kg) was administered to each animal for 21 days. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. All animals were sacrificed at the end of the study. Blood and liver tissues were collected from each animal and stored for further biochemical studies. Liver marker enzymes and oxidative stress parameters were also assayed followed by histological examination in the liver. Alloxan administration in rats showed oral glucose intolerance and increased fasting blood glucose levels. Ramipril (10 mg/kg) treatment in alloxan administered rats improved the OGTT and lowered fasting blood glucose level. This study also revealed the elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes activities in the alloxan administered rats which were attenuated by ramipril treatment. Oxidative stress parameters such as advanced protein oxidative products (APOP), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also increased in alloxan administered rats which were diminished by the treatment of ramipril. Moreover, alloxan administration increased inflammation and fibrosis in the liver, which was further prevented by ramipril treatment. In conclusion, ramipril alleviated oxidative stress and fibrosis in the liver by suppressing oxidative stress. This investigation suggests that ACE inhibitors may be useful for treating diabetic complications and liver injury in alloxan-administered rats.

This study aimed to analyze the distribution of phytoplankton abundance and its relationship with water quality in Lasolo Bay waters. The study was conducted during the West season 2020. The sample consisted of 9 stations located near the mouth of the Lasolo River (station A), coastal waters (station B) and the center part of Lasolo Bay (station C). Phytoplankton sampling was using plankton nets with 25 µm mesh size. Identification of phytoplankton used microscope and the abundance calculation by using Sedgwick Rafter Counting Cell. The results showed that there are 23 phytoplankton genera from 5 classes found, namely 12 genera of Bacillariophycea class, 5 genera of Dinophyceae class, 3 genera of Chlorophyceae class, 2 genera of Cyanophyceae class and 1 genera of Coscinodiscophyceae class. By abundance, phytoplankton compositions of the class Bacillariophyceae predominate with a percentage of 57%. The type of phytoplankton that has the highest abundance is Nitzschia sp. of 2,407 cells/l and the lowest abundance of Amphidium sp. of 1,368 cells/l. Phytoplankton abundance at station A is 41,093 cells/l, station B is 14,234 cells/l and station C is 14,735 cells/l. The distribution of phytoplankton abundance is also influenced by physical and chemical factors such as turbidity, TSS, Nitrate, and Phosphate.

A copious amount of rigid Aloe vera leaf rind (AVLR) has been produced from the aloe gel processing industries are majorly disposed as wastes since it has no commercial value. The cell wall compositional analysis revealed that significant quantity of cellulose (46% ± 0.76, w/w) and hemicellulose (18.5% ± 0.24, w/w) which justifies as potent source for bioethanol production. However, high lignin content (13.95% ± 0.45, w/w) hinders depolymerization of polysaccharides into fermentable sugars and subsequent fermentation for ethanol production. In the present study, microwave-assisted alkali (MAA) pretreatment of AVLR was performed by varying the power level (160 W, 320 W and 480 W) which showed a maximum delignification (66.38%) at 320 W. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) based characterization were performed to study the extent of delignification in AVLR biomass. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed for the liquid hydrolysate obtained after MAA pretreatment at 320 W indicated that the hydrolysate contained more of oxidized phenolic hydrocarbons that can be potentially utilized for other value-added product synthesis. A comparison of saccharification efficiency was performed using two different cellulase producers namely Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus sp. A 2.8-fold increase in sugar yield was achieved by Aspergillus sp., with a maximum saccharification of 68.5% ± 0.34 on comparing with untreated AVLR biomass. This indicates the feasibility of MAA pretreatment for AVLR biomass in order to improve the accessibility of fermentable sugars available for ethanol production.

Myocardial necrosis caused by ischemia is called a myocardial infarction (MI). which interrupts coronary blood supply. When the oxygen supply to the heart is insufficient to meet metabolic demands, myocardial ischemia occurs. Atherosclerosis, which obstructs the coronary arteries, is the most common underlying cause of myocardial ischemia. The role of arginase-1 (ARG-1) and serum lipids in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction is becoming clearer. This study aims to see if there is a link between ARG-1 activity and MI in the Iraqi population. Between the first of November 2021 and the first of February 2022, 90 people were separated into two groups: 45 patients with MI and 45 healthy controls. Human ARG-1 was measured in serum blood using the ELISA method. The serum lipid was measured using the spectrophotometry technique. The current investigation discovered a substantial (p=0.01) rise in ARG-1 concentration compared to control groups, as well as a significant difference in blood lipid content between patients and control groups (p<0.05). Finally, ARG-1 may have a role to play role in the pathogenesis of MI.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous genetic disorder categorized by hyperandrogenism that affects early reproductive age in females. KISS1 has played role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis. It also plays a key role in human reproductive function. Imbalance-of-function mutations is often found KISS1 gene of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Blood samples were collected from 120 patients (60 control are divided into 30 normal weight and 30 obese) and (60 PCOS) females are divided into 30 normal weight and 30 obese. DNA was extracted and genotyped for KISS1 variants by HRM-PCR and measured the level of kisspeptin by ELIAS, while LH, FSH, DHEA and free testosterone by CLIA. The value of LH, Testosterone, DHEA-S and kisspeptin is elevated in the patient group, while the decline of FSH in serum level patients value, rs372790354 G > A and rs4889 G>A was associated with PCOS in dominant, recessive, co-dominant (P-value< 0.05), rs37279054 AA was not found the effect of obese group and linked with normal weight PCOS put present study no effect on the parameters, rs4889 GG/GA was the effect on all subgroups except the genotype GA not effected on obese female, the highly significant ( P-value<0.05) of rs4889 GA influenced on measured of WHR, LH/FSH ratio and DHEA-S in the patient compared to control, rs4889 GG/AA was influenced on normal-weight patient compare to an obese patient, the WHR was higher in an obese patient in both genotype. While the level of kisspeptin in normal weight with genotype AA was higher level compared to obese and (P-value<0.05). We concluded that the KISS1 levels were higher in PCOS females compared to controls and decreased with increasing BMI, KISS1 polymorphism rs372790354 G>A and rs4889 G>A may be associated with the pathophysiology of PCOS and lead to increased serum level of LH that due to hyperandrogenism.

Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a hazard for public health across the globe. Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are all possible outcomes. It is obvious that certain patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) viral infection developed HCC, while other under almost similar circumstances do not. The present study aimed to investigate the possible a link between three single nucleotide gene polymorphisms (SNPs) in GzmB genes with the development of HCC. A total of 85 patients diagnosed with CHB participated in this research (40 patients with HCC and 45 patients without HCC). Three SNPs in GzmB gene (rs7144366, rs8192917 and rs2236338) were genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The haplotype blocks derived from the three SNPs were assembled, and the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the SNPs was determined using the SHEsis software. The homozygous mutant genotype (CC) was shown to be significantly more common in patients with HCC (27.5 %) than in those without HCC (11.11 %) (OR= 3.93, 95% CI=1.13-13.62, p=0.031). At allelic level, the mutant allele (C) was more frequent in patients with HCC than those without HCC (46.25% vs. 26.67%) with a significant deviation (OR=2.36, 95%CI= 1.25- 4.49, p= 0.008). The haplotype block CCG was more common among patients with HCC (26.25%) than those without HCC (12.22%) with a significant difference (OR= 2.56, 95%= 1.14-5.71, p= 0.022). The study indicated that individuals carrying the mutant homozygous (CC) of the SNP rs8192917 and allele C of this SNP may have a higher chance of developing HCC compared with those carrying other genotypes and T allele of the SNP. The haplotype block CCG (corresponding for C allele of rs7144366, C allele of rs8192917 and G allele of rs2236338) might be regarded as a risk factor for the emergence of HCC in patients with CHB.

Chitosan nanoparticles are important materials that are widely used in many biological, engineering and food industries and are also used as plant growth stimulants as well as use as vectors for drug delivery to target cells. Whereas L-carnitine (LC) is a water-soluble compound that contributes to the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membranes and the oxidation of ß-lipids. 60 male rats (Rattus Rattus) were divided into six equal groups. The first group (control group) received orally distilled water. The second group received 1ml lead acetate orally at a dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight daily for 30 days. Third group received 1ml lead acetate (30mg/kg B.W) + L-carnitine (100mg/ kg B.W. /daily). The fourth group received 1ml lead acetate (30mg/kg B.W.) + Nano L-carnitine (100mg/ kg B.W./ daily). The fifth group received 1ml of L-Carnitine orally at a dose of 100mg/ kg B.W /daily. The sixth group received 1ml of L-Carnitine-NPs orally at 100mg/ kg B.W /daily. Our findings demonstrated that exposure to lead acetate caused a significant increase in liver enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and renal function (creatinine and urea) in the lead acetate group. Whereas lead treatment increased oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Histopathological study showed significant changes in the brain (cerebellum) that disrupted the normal arrangement of the three layers, with large distances between the Purkinje cell layer and the molecular or granular layer. According to the study, we can conclude that the Nano L-Carnitine had a greater role in protecting against the effect of lead at the hematological parameters and a clear role in the protection against histopathology change of lead poisoning. L-Carnitine and Nano L-Carnitine had an active role in protecting against lead acetate toxicity.

In our previous study, we described sequence assembly and organization of the complete mitochondrial genome of a threatened labeonine fish, Cirrhinus reba (GenBank accession no.: MN862482). In this study, our attempts were to find out any mutation or selection pressures and codon usage patterns existing in the mitogenome of the same fish. We applied bioinformatics tools to measure important gene parameters including AT/GC skewness, codon adaptation index (CAI), the effective number of codons (ENc) and GC percentages of each protein coding gene. We found an overrepresentation of A and C resulting a lower number of T and G bases, respectively, where AT-skew was slightly positive, and GC-skew was slightly negative. Except for ND6, all protein coding genes (PCGs) had negative GC-skew, which indicated the higher occurrence of Cs. Based on comparative selective strength analysis with the PCGs of two related mitogenomes, we revealed that most of the PCGs (except for ND1, COX2 and ND5 genes) retained the dN/dS or Ka/Ks values less than 0.1 implying that they evolved under strong purifying selection. We further analyzed the codon frequency and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) and observed a total of 3802 codons which were used for coding 20 amino acids by a standard set of 64 codons. The amino acids Leucine and Serine were encoded each by six different codons, whereas rest of the amino acids was encoded by either two or four codons. We identified a total of 25 RSCU values (> 1) and revealed 12 codons as “overpresented” that implied for codon usage bias to engage in highly expressed genes for efficient protein synthesis via translational selection. The existence of codon usage biasness rolling in translational selection and the signs of purifying selection identified in PCGs suggest obvious conservation of this threatened fish species.

Insulin resistance is a pathophysiological function of Type II diabetes mellitus which can be comprehended by quantifying the parameters critical to the insulin signaling pathway. Serum has a profound role in evaluating cellular growth and metabolism in vitro. We hypothesize that the growth factors present in serum such as IGF, EGF, and FGF have an effect on the regulatory components of the insulin signaling pathway leading to insulin resistance. This study focuses on the metabolic effect of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) in endothelial (EA.hy926) cells. A dose and time-dependent treatment of FBS on the chosen cells was followed by assessing cell viability and glucose uptake capacity using MTT and 2-NBDG assays respectively. Spectrophotometric analysis of nitric oxide (NO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) determined vascular homeostasis and no cytotoxic effects of the serum, respectively, in endothelial cells. These findings indicate that FBS at higher levels could possibly lead to loss of NO activity which in turn could impair endothelium-mediated dilation. The inhibition of the enzymatic activity of eNOS, which in response to the stress may activate the release of LDH in endothelial cells displaying cytotoxicity. In conclusion, our findings indicate that a specific concentration of serum exposure enhances insulin signaling and endothelium cell regulation by modulating glucose uptake and NO production.

Pesticides are necessary for agriculture, yet their highly toxic ingredients harm the ecosystem. Due to their toxicity, uncontrolled releases of large quantities of pesticides pollute the environment and provide a larger health risk to plants, animals, and humans. Bacteria are capable of degrading such pollutants and saving our ecosystem. In this study, a bacterial strain was isolated from Shobicron and Vertimec-treated lady’s finger soil using enrichment culture. The strain was identified as Burkholderia Cepacia-Like MB-01 based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits, as well as phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence. The bacterium grew best at 35 °C with a pH of 7. Furthermore, it was susceptible (S) to Cefepime and Penicillin but intermediate (I) resistant to Carbapenem and Tetracycline and resistant (R) to Ciprofloxacin, Kanamycin, and Gentamycin in an antibiotic sensitivity test. The rate of shobicron and vertimec degradation was measured over a five-day period using Mineral Salt (MS) medium. In its optimum growth condition, shobicron and vertimec degradation rates were around 76 % and 80 %, respectively. The isolated bacterial strain was capable of detoxifying shobicron and vertimec in the experiment. As a result, the bacterial strain could exploit as a possible shobicron and vertimec degrader for pesticide bioremediation.

Melia azedarach is a plant of the Meliaceae family, used worldwide in various medical fields. Because of the widespread incidence of thrombosis worldwide, especially during the coronavirus epidemic, this study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro thrombolytic effect of methanolic extracts of Melia azedarach leaves and fruits. Series of dilutions starting from 2 mg/ml to 20mg/ml were prepared from the methanolic extracts. The results showed that thrombolysis rates were between (18.7%-29.3%) for fruit extract in distilled water, (18.3%-30.1%) in phosphate buffer, (19.3%-35%) for leaves extract in distilled water and (20%-32.3%) in phosphate buffer for dilutions from 2 mg/ml to 20mg/ml. The streptokinase (positive control) had a thrombolytic effect of 47.54 % in distilled water and 44.36 % in phosphate buffer, compared to negative controls of 5.94 % and 6.34 %, respectively. Phytochemical screening found flavonoids and coumarins in leaves extract and only flavonoids in fruit extract, suggesting that the increase in thrombolytic effect may be attributed to these flavonoids and coumarins. The total phenolic content was 15.78 (mg GAE\1g) in leaves extract and 3.64 (mg GAE\1g) in fruit extract, while the total flavonoid content was 0.813 (mg QE\1g) in leaves extract and 0.17 (mg QE\1g) in fruit extract. In conclusion, these results showed that Melia azedarach has a thrombolytic effect.

The advent of resistant pathogenic bacteria and fungi across the globe is threatening the efficacy of antibiotic drugs. Thus, microbial infections are becoming a threat to life. Endophytic fungi remain a viable source of secondary metabolites with unique spectra of biological activities. This study isolated and characterized endophytic fungi from selected mangrove species of coastal Kenya and further ascertained their activities. A total of 18 fungal endophytes selected from mangrove species were investigated for antimicrobial activity against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. Potato dextrose agar and potato dextrose broth were used for isolation, purification, and fermentation at 28oC for 7–15 days. Extraction of fungal metabolites was achieved using ethyl acetate (1:1 v/v) and ethyl acetate in 10% methanol (9:1 v/v). Solvents were recovered in a fume hood and extracts were dissolved in 1 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide. Molecular characterization completely identified 9 species, namely: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizophora nomius, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus bravionivious, and Aspergillus welwitchiae. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethyl acetate crude extracts of the most active fungal isolate, A. flavus (MT447532.1), was 0.91 ± 0.05 mg/ml and 0.82 ± 0.052 mg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Results showed that some crude extracts of mangrove fungal endophytes from coastal Kenya are effective against bacteria, hence a promising source of novel organic natural metabolites with a possible wide range of biological activities.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is responsible for a variety of disease in hospitalized patients. The goal of this study was to determine that K. pneumoniae isolates possessed toxin-antitoxin II genes such as relE and relB. Other than that, if there was a correlation between the expression of these two genes and antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae. Fifty-seven urine samples were collected from Baghdads’ hospitals; diagnosed and identified by phenotype and biochemical tests and confirmed with VITEK 2 compact system. Only fifteen isolates which were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotic sensitivity was identified by using twelve antibiotics discs. K. pneumoniae showed 100% resistance to ceftriaxone, amoxicillin, ticarcillin, ticarcillin with clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, tetracycline, while other antibiotics showed less percent of resistant. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics detected by using macro tube dilution method to identify the antimicrobial activity for K. pneumoniae. The MIC of gentamicin and doxycycline antibiotics was 1024 Mg/ml, 512 Mg/ml, respectively. The relB (115 bp), and relE (136 pb) genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Then gene expression of relB and relE was conducted by using (RT-qPCR) technique treated with sub-MIC concentration of (gentamicin and doxycycline) antibiotics. This study found only ten isolates harbored the two genes. The relB gene expression was increased, but at the same time relE gene expression was decreased compared to control infB1 gene expression. This means the bacterial cell tolerance antibiotics sub-MIC concentrations by maintaining the number of bacteria under stress of antibiotics. Finally, these findings suggest the potential of relB to make K. pneumoniae resistant to antibiotics in their infections under antibiotic stress by the toxin-antitoxin II system.

Pangasius catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is popular among fish farmers of Bangladesh due to its hardy characteristics, fast growth, and its ability to survive in high densities. Many consumers love to buy this fish, especially as live condition, due to its low market price and delicious fleshy meat. Bacterial outgrowth in transport water is frequent consequence including some enteric groups like Salmonella spp. and E. coli. The study attempted to know the occurrence of Salmonella spp. and E. coli in water used during live transportation of Pangasius catfish in Bangladesh. Water samples were collected from three different Pangasius catfish transportation channels at 2 h interval on-board transportation vehicle. The collected waters were then plated onto SS and EMB agar plates and 15, 20, and 17 suspected isolates were obtained from channel 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The isolates were confirmed through PCR techniques; Salmonella spp. was found only in channel 1 while E. coli were found in all 3 sampling channels under investigation. Among the suspected isolates, 13 isolates were positive for E. coli in channel 1, while 16 in both channel 2 and 3. Among the suspected isolates, 86.54% was E. coli positive, 1.92% was Salmonella positive, and 11.54% isolates were unidentified. The results indicated that the fishes were contaminated with Salmonella spp. and E. coli species either in the culture systems or during handling and live transportation.

In many areas of the globe, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health concern defined by the progressive loss of kidney function. The genetic contribution to the development of kidney disease is essential in forecasting risk variables and resolving genetic enigmas. Genetic variations are among the factors that might be linked with renal disease development. This research aims to examine the relationship between five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs1126616, rs35068180, rs1800247, rs4236, and rs2248359 with the risk of developing CKD among Iraqi patients. A study involved 80 subjects, divided into fifty CKD patients and thirty healthy subjects. Genotyping was identified by applying the polymerase chain reaction followed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Compared to the control group, the recurrences of the genotyping TT (p = 0.01) and their allelic T (p = 0.02) in the rs1126616 were considerably higher in the CKD group. Regarding of rs1800247 CT and TT genotypes and (T) allele exhibited a substantial excess in the CKD patients (p = 0.01, 0.0229, < 0.03, respectively). For rs4236, the TT genotype (p = 0.01) and T (p = 0.02) allele were significantly increased in the CKD patients. The recurrences of the genotyping TT (p = 0.02) and their allelic T (p = 0.01) in the rs2248359 were considerably greater in the CKD group. Furthermore, the genotypes and alleles of rs35068180 showed no significant variations among CKD patients and healthy subjects. The results demonstrated that four genetic polymorphisms are probably biomarkers or effective factors linked to CKD patients. Also, specific genetic polymorphisms might lower or raise a patient’s renal disease risk. Differences in genetic and allelic patterns can significantly impact how a disease is treated and what medicines are used.

In Ayurvedic system of medicine, a variety of medicinal herbs are being prescribed for brain disorders, including mental dysfunction, indifference, and memory impairment. Neuropharmacological mechanisms of these herbs are poorly understood. A total of nineteen indigenous medicinal herbs of Bangladesh were investigated for their neuropharmacological potentials, including antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and neurotrophic activities. The antioxidant activity of plant ethanolic extracts was determined based on their DPPH free radical scavenging capacity. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity was determined by the colorimetric assay based on Ellman’s method. The neurotrophic activity of plant extracts was measured based on their capacity to promote neurite outgrowth in a primary culture of hippocampal neurons. Of the herbs, Camellia sinensis, Terminalia chebula, Cinnamomum tamala, Terminalia bellirica, Phyllanthus emblica, and Curcuma longa exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity with IC50 values of <100 µg/mL. The highest anticholinesterase activity was shown by C. longa (IC50 9.37 µg/mL) followed by C. sinensis (IC50 86.01 µg/mL) and C. tamala (IC50 86.37 µg/mL). Notably, C. tamala showed the highest neurotrophic activity (an increase in the length of primary neurites by 82% compared to control), whereas C. sinensis and C. longa showed moderate activities. The neurotrophic activity of C. tamala was reported for the first time. The present findings indicate that these indigenous herbs, particularly C. tamala, C. sinensis, and C. longa possess a remarkable neuropharmacological potential and suggest that these neuroactive herbs could be used in disease-modifying therapies for brain disorders.

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a key pregnancy problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to compare the level of globulin binding hormone sex (SHBG) between diabetic pregnant women and healthy pregnant women in Kerman. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on diabetic pregnant women where diabetes was confirmed by a 2 h blood glucose tolerance test using 50 g and 100 g glucose. After completion of demographic information and midwifery records blood samples were collected from the patients and the blood glucose levels were measured. Also, SHBG was measured and finally all collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. The serum levels of SHBG were significantly lower in diabetic pregnant women as compared to the control group. However, this level reduction of SHBG in diabetic pregnant women was not significantly associated with other underlying factors and midwifery factors. Therefore, it is suggested that the serum SHBG levels can be used as an early factor in diagnosing the gestational diabetes.

The bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B (BMPR1B) gene is one of the major fecundity genes that have been investigated in different sheep populations worldwide for its association with prolificacy traits. The present study was performed to validate the association of c.746A>G SNP of BMPR1B gene with litter size trait in different sheep populations of Bangladesh. A total of 192 blood samples were collected from ewes of both farmers’ and institutional flocks comprising sheep populations of Jamuna River Basin (JRB), Barendra (BAT), Coastal (COR), Garole (GAR) and Muzaffarnagari (MUZ). Genotyping of the individuals was performed using PCR-RFLP method and single marker association analysis was carried out to evaluate the relationships between resultant genotypes and litter size trait. The prolificacy attributed homozygous FecBBB genotype frequencies were 66, 50 and 55%, respectively in JRB, BAT and GAR populations whereas it was only 0-2% in MUZ and COR populations. Association analysis revealed highly significant (P<0.001) association of litter size trait with genotypes and populations. The mean litter sizes of JRB, BAT, GAR, COR and MUZ were 2.17±0.15, 1.88±0.07 1.90±0.10, 1.12±0.03, and 1.02±0.02, respectively. The prolific JRB, BAT, and GAR ewes produced 0.67 to 0.83 more lambs per lambing than their wild type FecB++ counterparts. Thus, this study validated the potential contribution of the investigated c.746A>G SNP that could be applied in marker assisted selection (MAS) program for identifying high prolific ewes in order to improve litter size trait at the population level.