Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a fundamental cause of nosocomial urinary tract infection (UTI). UPEC can form biofilms on the mucosa of the urinary bladder and the surface of urethral catheters, thus causing clinical problems. Therefore, the current study aimed at the potential of synbiotics to manage biofilm-associated UTIs by analyzing biofilm inhibition UPEC with cell-free supernatant (CFS) of synbiotics. Biofilm inhibition was accomplished by inoculating each microbial suspension into 96-well microplates on tryptic soy broth medium at 37°C for 48 h and a microtiter plate reader was used at 595 nm to read the OD value. The outcome (%) was calculated from the OD value of CFS-treated with UPEC. The result of this research was that each CFS of synbiotic treatment displayed significantly different (P<0.05) results and was able to inhibit UPEC biofilm. The highest percentage of biofilm inhibition of UPEC was shown in CFS 8 treatment with a value of 41.51 ± 0.687, where CFS of synbiotic from Lactobacillus rhamnosus bacteria with 2% inulin. The lowest percentage of biofilm inhibition UPEC was shown in CFS 1 treatment with a value of 36.56 ± 1.987, where CFS from Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria with 0% inulin. It could be concluded that the higher the concentration of inulin in the CFS of synbiotics, the higher the percentage value of biofilm inhibition on UPEC, which indicates the potentials to manage or prevent UPEC-induced biofilm infection.

Vitamin D deficiency is a highly prevalent medical condition associated with various clinical and biochemical outcomes although these outcomes might be absent in a significant percentage of patients. Altered serum calcium, phosphorus (PO4), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity are expected but not proven by various research. The current study aims to investigate the possibility of these biomarkers to be used as indicators of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. The study enrolled 150 randomly selected participants who have no acute or chronic medical condition with various levels of serum vitamin D ranging from normal to severely deficient. They were investigated for serum total calcium, PO4, PTH, and ALP activity. The results were statistically compared among the studied groups and correlated with serum vitamin D levels. There was no significant difference in mean serum calcium, PO4, and ALP activity among the groups with poor correlation with vitamin D. Mean serum PTH has shown a significant difference among the studied groups with a strong negative correlation with vitamin D. This difference was apparent even in patients with vitamin D insufficiency. Serum calcium, PO4 and ALP activity seem to have a poor correlation with vitamin D concentration. In addition, serum PTH might be considered a sensitive marker of both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency.

Progranulin (PGRN), is a multifunctional protein with profound expression in epithelial and immune cells in which plays a crucial role in controlling host-defense signaling pathways during infection and inflammation. The current study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of PGRN as a predictive inflammatory marker for a group of diseases with different etiologies that cause acute and chronic inflammations. A total of 120 participants with various diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Helicobacter pylori infection, burn wound, hepatitis B, and prostate cancer, and 20 healthy people were enrolled in this study. The levels of serum PGRN and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected. Elevated serum PGRN levels have been reported in all patient groups when compared with those in healthy controls (P > 0.05). Likewise, increased serum hsCRP and IL-6 levels were seen in all patient groups. However, for some patient groups, the differences in hsCRP and IL-6 levels did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05) in comparison with control group. Furthermore, serum PGRN levels exhibited positive correlation with hsCRP in H. pylori and RA patient groups. As well as, with IL-6 only in RA patient group, whereas no significant correlations were found with the rest of studied diseases. This study concluded that PGRN is an effective nonspecific inflammatory indicator of acute and chronic inflammations. It had also a higher predictive efficiency than hsCRP and IL-6 which are commonly used as inflammatory predictive markers.

Progranulin (PGRN), is a multifunctional protein with profound expression in epithelial and immune cells in which plays a crucial role in controlling host-defense signaling pathways during infection and inflammation. The current study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of PGRN as a predictive inflammatory marker for a group of diseases with different etiologies that cause acute and chronic inflammations. A total of 120 participants with various diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Helicobacter pylori infection, burn wound, hepatitis B, and prostate cancer, and 20 healthy people were enrolled in this study. The levels of serum PGRN and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected. Elevated serum PGRN levels have been reported in all patient groups when compared with those in healthy controls (P > 0.05). Likewise, increased serum hsCRP and IL-6 levels were seen in all patient groups. However, for some patient groups, the differences in hsCRP and IL-6 levels did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05) in comparison with control group. Furthermore, serum PGRN levels exhibited positive correlation with hsCRP in H. pylori and RA patient groups. As well as, with IL-6 only in RA patient group, whereas no significant correlations were found with the rest of studied diseases. This study concluded that PGRN is an effective nonspecific inflammatory indicator of acute and chronic inflammations. It had also a higher predictive efficiency than hsCRP and IL-6 which are commonly used as inflammatory predictive markers.

The high mobility group A1 gene (HMGA1) rs139876191 variant has been related to metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, but data are lacking in Middle Eastern populations. The study aimed to assess whether the HMGA1 rs139876191 variant is associated with metabolic syndrome risk and whether this variant predicts the risk of insulin resistance. This case-control study was carried out at single center in Kirkuk city/ Iraq from February to August 2022. Polymorphisms in HMGA1 and genotyping were identified by Sanger sequencing of genomic DNA obtained from 91 Iraqi participants (61 patients with metabolic syndrome and 30 control). Lipid profile, serum (glucose and insulin), glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, body mass index, and waist circumference were also measured. The high prevalence of the del/del genotype of rs139876191 was found. Minor allele frequency of rs139876191 was 0.16 in both metabolic syndrome and the control group. A non-significant difference in genotyping was identified between total metabolic syndrome and the control group. The del/ins variant was associated with significantly higher waist circumference, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (P=0.03, 0.041, 0.007, 0.034, and 0.001, respectively), and significantly lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p=0.000). Linear regression analysis showed no significant effect of the variant (del/ins) on developing insulin resistance. Thus, rs139876191 polymorphism with del/ins genotype in the HMGA1 gene was not associated with metabolic syndrome risk but it was associated with indices of metabolic syndrome including waist circumference, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, and HbA1c. Besides, this variant did not predict the risk of insulin resistance.

Bacterial infectious diseases account for thousands of deaths worldwide. Despite their side effects, synthetic antibiotics are currently utilized to treat bacterial infections. There has been an effort to identify alternative medicines of plant origin. Thus, the current study determined in vitro antibacterial activities of Syzygium guineense barks and seeds of Mangifera indica ethanol extracts, as well as their phytochemical profile. The tested bacteria included Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. Plant samples were collected from Morogoro region, Tanzania and transferred to Kenyatta University for preparation and extraction. In vitro antibacterial activities were determined by disk diffusion, MIC, and MBC methods. Selected phytochemicals of ethanol extracts were determined qualitatively. The highest antibacterial effects were observed in M. indica extract against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and S. typhi with zones of inhibition of 20.00 mm, 18.00 mm, 17.67 mm, and 15.67 mm, respectively. Antibacterial effects observed in S. guineense extract against B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. typhi and E. coli produced zones of inhibition of 15.00 mm, 14.33 mm, 10.67 mm, and 9.33 mm, respectively. The extracts showed better antibacterial effects against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extracts revealed alkaloids, quinones, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and glycosides. This study indicates that the ethanol extracts of the plants could be used to develop alternative remedies for treating bacterial infections. The study also suggests that the plant extracts should be subjected to in vivo studies.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) is a glycoprotein that mediates various biological processes, including angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and cellular migration. Aberrant VEGFA signaling is also one of the hallmarks of many types of cancer and has been implicated in various ophthalmological conditions such as diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degeneration. Consequently, a number of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting VEGFA have been developed and are widely used to treat these conditions. Bevacizumab (BVZ) and Ranibizumab (RBZ) are two such antibodies that are commercially available and used to treat various cancers and ophthalmological conditions. Nevertheless, a very high rate of non-responsiveness to these mAb treatments has been reported. Therefore, it is important to predict the response to these therapeutic mAb treatments in patients in a personalized approach. This study was aimed at analyzing the impacts of missense variants in the respective VEGFA epitopes for these two therapeutic anti-VEGFA mAbs (BVZ and RBZ) on their interaction with VEGFA through the use of multiple in silico tools. Three missense variants (VEGFAR82W, VEGFAR82Q, and VEGFAG92R) in VEGFA epitopes appear to significantly destabilize VEGFA-BVZ interaction, while only two variants (VEGFAR82W and VEGFAR82Q) affect the interaction of VEGFA with RBZ. The VEGFAR82W variant may be pathogenic as well. These missense variants may play roles in the observed heterogeneous response to anti-VEGFA mAb treatments in patients and, therefore, may be used as pharmacogenetic markers for the prediction of responses before administration, and thus for the improvement of therapeutic outcomes.

Gastric cancer (GC), which is the fourth most prevalent cancer in the world is significantly threatened the health of people, particularly those in developing nations. Nearly all significant pathological and physiological mechanisms, including apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle, differentiation, as well as DNA damage, are regulated by miRNAs. This study investigated the miR-221-3p expression and identified its target genes in GC tissue samples and cell lines, for an understanding of the miR-221-3p influence and basic processes in the progression of GC. GC tissues and matched marginal tissues were taken from 50 patients undergo gastric surgery. MiR-221-3p mimics, inhibitors, and negative controls (NC) were transfected into MKN-45 cells, using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX reagent. The proliferation was assessed by the MTT assay. Cell migration and invasion was assessed by Transwell assay. By combining Western blotting and qRT-PCR, the impact of miR-221-3p in the PIK3R1 expression in gastric cancer cells was examined. Overexpression of miR-221-3p significantly enhanced the migration, invasion, and proliferation of gastric cancer cells, conversely, transfection of miR-221-3p inhibitor led to opposite effect caused by overexpression of this miRNA on phenotypic characteristics of gastric cancer cell line. Additional investigation revealed that PIK3R1 was downregulated significantly by overexpression of miR-221-3p. Whereas, when the MKN-45 cells transfected with miR-221-3p inhibitor, PIK3R1 was noticeably overexpressed. Our current data indicate that miR-221-3p possibly work as a tumor promoter in the development of gastric cancer by negatively regulating PIK3R1 expression, hence miR-221-3p/ PIK3R1 highlighted as promising therapeutic targets or prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for GC patients.

The review of the literature demonstrated that the diverse properties of the organotin (IV) attributed to the various moieties contained inside the molecule account for the functions and utility of the organotin (IV) complexes. Furthermore, the capacity of organometallic compounds to stabilize complexes with unique stereochemistry is well documented. Due to their robust coordination chemistry, consistency, and varied molecular structures, these complexes exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activity. This article provides an overview of complexes’ arrangement and geometry, spectroscopic research, and physical, chemical, and biological properties. This review also focuses on recent developments in conventional chemistry, practical synthesis methods, and the diverse functions of organotin (IV) complexes.

Mutation profiles of oncogenes play essential roles in cancer therapy, but data on the prevalence of lung cancer oncogenic driver mutations in Vietnamese patients are limited. This study aims to evaluate the mutation status of EGFR, ALK, ROS1, RET, and MET genes and analyze the association of gene mutations with clinicopathological characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma. A total of 179 tumors were collected from lung adenocarcinoma patients. The mutation frequencies of EGFR, ALK, ROS1, RET and MET genes were 44.6, 7.9, 3.0, 3.0 and 2.0%, respectively. EGFR, ALK, ROS1 and RET alterations tended to be higher in females. Moreover, rearrangements of ALK, ROS and RET were more prevalent in younger lung adenocarcinoma but skipping at exon 14 MET was more frequent in male and older patients. Stages III and IV seem to accumulate more ALK, RET and MET abnormalities. These findings identified the variation of frequencies of Vietnamese lung adenocarcinoma with different clinicopathological characteristics and established the pioneer data for oncogenic diver mutation of lung cancer in Vietnam.

Antimicrobial resistance has become an alarming issue all over the world. Moreover, in the developing countries as well as in Bangladesh facing this badly due to lack of study. Antibiotic resistance is prevalent among the bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infections affect >30% of people around the world. Worldwide, about 150 million people experience urinary tract infections each year. Antimicrobial treatment is often prescribed ‘empirically’ without antibiotic susceptibility testing to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs). The prevalence of antibiotic resistance is worsening, probably because of the increasing number of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and the indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and empirical treatment. This study aims to determine the frequency and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria from suspected UTIs in Bangladeshi patients. In our study, about 200 samples of positive UTIs patients were analyzed with several parameters to see the antibiotic resistance rate. After examining the patient’s sample of UTIs antibiotic resistance rate is alarming and the most causative bacteria is Escherichia coli which is about 61.8%. Among the 200-urine sample suspected UTI patients 66% and 30% are female and male, respectively. Empirical therapy should be guided to control the antibiotic resistance. Especially, developing country should accept the challenge with proper infrastructure to get the surveillance of resistance, as resistance varies from region to region. Appropriate antibiotics should be focused for the rational use of antibiotics to prevent antibiotics resistance through common infections.

Changes in liver enzymes and bilirubin in patients with thalassemia depend on genetic changes and the association of other genetic determinants. Iron overload is associated with increased morbidity in both transfusion-dependent and non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients. The main objective was to evaluate hepatic enzymes, bilirubin, and plasma proteins in beta-thalassemia major (ßTM) patients and to study the correlations of these parameters with serum hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in ßTM patients. To achieve these, the study had two groups, the first is case group includes 39 patients with ßTM and the second control group includes 34 subjects. Serum ALT, AST, total bilirubin, albumin, and total protein concentrations were measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, while the concentration of serum ferritin was measured by ELISA Kit. Our results showed that there were highly significant differences between ßTM and ferritin, furthermore, there were highly significant differences between ßTM and liver enzymes such as AST, ALT, total protein, albumin, and total bilirubin. In addition, our findings showed that there was correlation between serum ferritin concentrations and liver function parameters in ßTM patients, where there are highly significant differences between ßTM and ALT, while the correlation between serum hemoglobin concentration and liver function parameters showed highly significant differences between ßTM and AST. The study concluded that the increase in serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and total bilirubin concentrations in patients with ßTM are indicator to liver dysfunction that is correlated to iron overload.

Hemorrhoids occur due to inflammation of the rectoanal venous plexus, which causes inflammation, pain, and can cause lumps. This inflammation may cause difficulty in defecation and may even cause heavy bleeding. Empirically, Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) leaves have been used to treat hemorrhoids and have been known to contain flavonoids and terpenoid lactones which are active as anti-inflammatory agents. To determine the anti-hemorrhoidal activity of E. scaber leaves in reducing inflammation in hemorrhoids in Wistar rats, the research begins with the extraction of E. scaber leaves with 70% ethanol as solvent. Extracts were analyzed for total flavonoid content with quercetin standard. Anti-hemorrhoidal activity was measured based on the degree of edema formed based on the weight of the rectum through the surgical process. Hemorrhoid was induced with croton oil for 3 days on the rectoanal area in rats. The extracts were treated at concentration of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgW for 7 days. The drug control group used oral diclofenac sodium for 7 days. E. scaber leaf ethanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and polyphenols. The flavonoid level was 3.433 mgQE/g extract. This study showed that E. scaber leaf extract had the best anti-hemorrhoidal activity at a dose of 100 mg/kgW of extract with a significance value of p<0.05. Also, the extract of E. scaber leaves containing flavonoids provides a fairly good anti-hemorrhoid activity compared to the control drug diclofenac sodium. It is suggested that this plant extract might be used as a new herbal anti-hemorrhoid drug.

An intravenous catheter is a medical device used to inject intravenous fluid into the body. This procedure can cause coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis penetrates the skin and forms biofilm on the catheter. Biofilms bring serious problems such as antibiotic resistance, the long-term effects that increase the length of staying in the hospital, cost, morbidity, and mortality. This research aimed to analyze the biofilm formation of S. epidermidis in several types of intravenous fluids based on time. This was a laboratory experimental research using the microtiter plate assay method and crystal violet coloring. Three 96-well microplates were inoculated with S. epidermidis in ringer lactate, 10% dextrose, 5% dextrose, normal saline, and gelafusal, where each plate was incubated at 3 different times of 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The results show that the optical density values of all intravenous fluids with bacteria within 24 and 48 h of incubation time did not show any significant differences compared to negative controls, while the 72 h treatments of 10% dextrose, 5% dextrose, and normal saline showed significant differences. This indicates that biofilms of S. epidermidis were not formed in intravenous fluids within 24 and 48 h of incubation time, however this bacterium started forming biofilm in 10% dextrose, 5% dextrose, and normal saline within 72 h of incubation time. In conclusion, the length of incubation time may influence biofilm formation.

Arsenic is a potentially toxic agent for human health due to its widespread presence in the environment. Arsenic poisoning from drinking contaminated groundwater has become one of Bangladesh’s most difficult healthcare problems. However, there is a lack of understanding of the detrimental impact of arsenic toxicity on children of arsenic-exposed parents. This study evaluates the effect of arsenic toxicity on body growth, blood parameters, and organ development of F1 mice. In this study, adult female mice were exposed to sodium arsenite from gestation day 12.5 until parturition, and then the postnatal growth, blood indices, and organ development were assessed. The result showed that from birth to weaning offspring of the sodium arsenite-treated group exhibited significant and weaning to sexual maturity of female offspring significantly slower increase in final body weight, total body weight gain, and rate of body weight gain than that of the offspring of the control group. Hematological tests revealed a significant reduction in RBC and WBC count while significant elevation in platelet count, MCV, MCH, and MCHC in offspring of sodium arsenite exposed female mice than the offspring obtained from control female mice. RBS and triglycerides levels were significantly higher, while alkaline phosphatase level was significantly lower in the offspring of sodium arsenite-exposed female mice than in the offspring obtained from control female mice. In terms of organ-to-body weight ratio, the female F1 mice from the exposed group demonstrated a significantly lighter kidney and heart as compared to that of the female F1 mice from the control group. Visual inspection of the organ morphology showed a slightly affected liver, lungs, and testes. Overall, the study suggests that inorganic arsenic exposure of the parent mice exerts harmful effects on the body growth, hematological, and biochemical parameters, and organ morphology of the offspring.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern globally, with the threat of a post-antibiotic era, where common infections can become fatal, a very plausible reality. Despite ongoing efforts to control AMR, both mortality and expenses have increased. To combat this threat, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms and the driver behind this issue needs to be known. The key mechanisms of resistance are modification or destruction of antimicrobials, reduction of access to the target, and alteration of the target. These mechanisms may be present in the microorganisms naturally or may have been acquired from other microorganisms. As AMR jeopardizes the successful prevention and treatment of many infectious diseases, this article looks at the causes of AMR, along with the possible mechanisms of resistance development, and suggests control strategies to deal with the problem conclusively.

Male infertility can occur due to spermatogenesis defects. The most common reasons for male infertility are azoospermia and oligospermia, which have several underlying factors, one of which is genetic. This study was aimed to investigate the association of azoospermia with the DMRT1 and RBMY1A1 genes polymorphisms and AZFb region microdeletions in Iranian men. Expression of these genes was assessed by RT-PCR. A total of 100 Iranian men with azoospermia, oligozoospermia, or severe oligozoospermia and 100 fertile controls were included in this case-control study. Subjects were genotyped for DMRT1 rs755383 and RBMY1A1 rs1481942953 polymorphisms using Tetra-ARMS PCR. The existence of two sequence-tagged sites (STSs) on the AZFb region was also investigated by multiplex PCR. RT-PCR was used to analyze the expression in the testis of azoospermia cases. With a p-value of 0.038, rs755383 in the DMRT1 gene was related to an elevated risk of azoospermia. However, no significant difference was found in genotype distribution in the RBMY1A1 (rs1481942953) gene polymorphism. Four cases demonstrated Y chromosome microdeletions with sY127 and sY134 markers. Infertile males’ cDNA analysis revealed low expression levels for DMRT1 and PRY (one of the main genes in the AZFb region) with a p-value<0.0001. In contrast, RBMY1A1 expression level did not differ between patients and control groups with a p-value of 0.112. ROC curve analysis was done to detect genes with biomarker potential. With AUCs of 83% and 77%, DMRT1 and PRY had diagnostic marker potential in azoospermia detection.

Caffeine boosts metabolism and the neurological system. When extreme weakness or sleepiness occurs, it is used recreationally and medicinally to reduce physical and mental fatigue. Caffeine initially stimulates the central nervous system, increasing intellect, speed, accuracy, focus, and coordination. The aim of the study was to evaluate how caffeine nanoparticles affect potassium, calcium, zinc, and magnesium levels, in addition, the anti-bacterial activity of the samples has been measured. Eighteen male albino rats were divided into 3 separate groups. The first group (G1) was made up of 6 animals that served as a control group. The second group (G2) was made up of 6 animals that were given caffeine, and the third group (G3) was made up of 6 animals that were given silver nanoparticles from a caffeine solution. The particle size and structural morphology of caffeine and silver nanoparticles were analyzed using Brookhaven Instruments Corp., XRD and SEM, respectively. The structural results showed that after addition, caffeine was tube-shaped, and silver was spherical granular. Caffeine has more silver nanoparticles than caffeine solution. Caffeine solution affects potassium, calcium, zinc, and magnesium levels. Additionally, the solution has antibacterial activity against the following bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (Gram +ve), E. coli (Gram –ve), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-ve), but it has no effect against yeast (Candida albicans). It is concluded that caffeine-synthesized Ag NPs has significant biological effects on zinc, magnesium, calcium, and potassium levels in male albino mice and this also is antibacterial against Staphylococcus.

Hemoglobin A1C (HBA1c) represents the average serological sugar status of the T2D patients of the past three months, considered a clinically standard method of studying sugar metabolism. Overexpressing HbA1 can metabolically forecast the risk of different cancers among the T2D patients. Based on which, the study aimed to analyze the impact of sugar metabolism in cancer development considering the overexpression of HbA1 as the prognostic biomarker of screening the risks of eight different cancers among the chronic male T2D patients of Bangladesh. Serological analysis of the concentrations of FBS, THABF, creatinine, SC, STGs, HDLC, and LDLC of the T2D patients were conducted in response to their individual HbA1c concentration. Afterward, HbA1 overexpression and promotor-methylation responsible for BLCA, BRCA, CHOL, COAD, LUAD, LUSC, PAAD, and PRAD cancers in the male T2D patients were profiled as the oncoinformatic screening, where the sample types used, individual cancer stages, racial-footprints, gender, age, nodal metastasis, p53-methylations, pancreatitis, diabetes status, smoking behaviors, and survivability status were studied. Finally, the genetic involvement of a group of genes responsible for genetic co-expression of HbA1, endophytic vesicle regulation, antioxidant regulation, and reactive oxygen species based-metabolic regulation in T2D males were identified and comprehensively discussed. The research revealed, significant correlation between BMI and FBS in both the patient and the control groups (p<0.0001). Besides, FBS, THABF, and creatinine were found significantly regulated with their respective HbA1c concentrations (p<0.0001) for each group. The SC, STGs, HDLC, and LDLC regulated ardently and equally for both groups (p<0.0001), while HbA1c ranged from 3.8-5.8% and 5.11-15.8%, for the controls and patients respectively. HbA1 was found interactive with diversified cancer-causing genes, while HbA1 was mostly downregulating with the progressing metastasis. To receive maximum benefits from using HbA1c in clinically profiling of cancer-risks among the chronic-male T2D patients in minimal time and expense further studies can be needed with larger sample size.

The fourth deadliest reason for cancer-related deaths worldwide was found to be colorectal cancer. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been researched for biomedical applications due to their demonstrated anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. The cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced when photosensitizers (PSs) are activated by light, which in turn cause cancer cell death, and photodynamic treatment (PDT) causes selective cytotoxicity to malignant cells. The cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles and laser wavelengths was studied on colorectal cancer cell line (CaCo2), while the use of combination therapy had clear effects on early apoptosis. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of nanoparticles for the cells was evaluated. The proper IC50 for CaCo2 cells was 20 ug/ml Zinc oxide nanoparticle and Diode laser power is 5 j/cm2. The percentage of cells that decreased in the G2 phase of the cell cycle relative to the S and G1 phases was significantly different when the combination of laser and zinc nanoparticles was used. Combined use of a diode laser and ZnO2 significantly inhibited the spread of cancer by boosting the expression of the p53 gene. Bax, a central cell death regulator, was expressed significantly in combined treatments. However, combined use of the laser and ZnO2 did not reveal any substantial differences in the Bcl2 gene. In conclusion, this study suggests that combination therapy was cytotoxic to CaCo2 cells in vitro and there is a possibility of developing it as an effective therapeutic agent.