Cattle diarrhea poses a significant risk to the global livestock sector, leading to considerable economic setbacks and impacting the well-being of animals. This research aimed to assess the clinical and hematological changes associated with idiopathic diarrhea in cattle in the Baghabari area of the Sirajganj District of Bangladesh. The study involved surveying dairy cattle to record their case history, followed by the collection and measurement of hematological indices in those animals suffering from idiopathic diarrhea. The survey identified 39 diarrheic crossbred cattle (2 males and 37 females), ranging in age from 1 month to 11 years. The findings revealed a higher prevalence of diarrheal cases in cows (94.87%) compared to oxen (5.13%), particularly among pregnant cows (64.86%). The most common historical observations included repeat breeding (81.08%), abortion (78.38%), decreased milk production (43.24%), fever (15.64%), and congenital defects (17.95%) in diarrheic cattle. Hematological analyses indicated a significant increase in lymphocytes and immunoglobulin levels, while eosinophil, basophil, and red blood cell distribution width were notably lower in diarrheic cattle compared to healthy ones. However, other hematological parameters remained unaffected. In summary, the study suggests that bovine diarrhea may influence hematological profiles and body physiology, with the extent depending on the disease’s etiology and complexity.

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are cold freshwater fish species belonging to the Salmonidae family, and they hold significant economic importance in the global aquaculture industry. The interleukin-18 (IL-18) gene family plays a crucial role in the immune response of rainbow trout when combating viral infections. A wide range of computational approaches were conducted to investigate the functions, phylogeny, and expressions of IL-18 family genes. The study found that there were nine IL-18 genes present on eight chromosomes of rainbow trout, and their encoded proteins were predicted to be distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Genetic structures, motif and conserved domains analysis revealed that IL-18 genes in the same group have similar exons, motifs, and conserved domains. The phylogenetic study demonstrates the divergence of 38 IL-18 genes from three fish species into three distinct subgroups across time. The synteny analysis revealed the evolutionary mechanisms, such as gene duplications and mutations. In addition, the research investigated the expression of IL-18 genes in the liver tissues of rainbow trout following infection with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of IL-18 genes in O. mykiss in response to pathogenic infection.

Chronic wounds pose significant challenges in healthcare due to impaired healing mechanisms. Fibroblast cells play a crucial role in wound healing by orchestrating proliferation and migration. This study aimed to assess fibroblast cells derived from chronic wounds and explore the impact of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on their growth and migration. Dermal samples from chronic pressure ulcers and diabetic ulcers were obtained from 20 patients at three sites. Fibroblasts from wound base, margins, and adjacent healing skin were isolated and characterized. Proliferation and migration capabilities of these cells were evaluated. LLLT was applied at various energy levels (2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, and 5 J/cm2) to assess its effect on cell count. Fibroblasts from chronic wounds exhibited slower proliferation and migration rates compared to normal dermal fibroblasts. Notably, LLLT intervention at different energy levels led to a significant increase in cell count, with the most pronounced effect observed at 3 J/cm2. LLLT at an energy level of 3 J/cm2 demonstrated a notable enhancement in fibroblast migration. These findings underscore the potential of LLLT as a therapeutic approach for chronic wounds, offering insights into its efficacy in augmenting fibroblast functions crucial for wound healing.

The process and viability of fertility are affected by diabetes mellitus, which is also associated with hyperglycemia. Males who experience hypogonadism or anxiety may find it difficult to feel sexually exhilarated. The aim of the present study is to assess reproductive hormone levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) male patients. This study included 79 healthy controls and 158 male patients with T1DM and T2DM between the ages of 20 and 49 years. Levels of reproductive hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), and prolactin (PRL) were measured. The results showed notable variations in the levels of these hormones among patients of different ages. PRL levels were significantly elevated in T1DM compared to T2DM in the age groups of 20-29 and 30-39. FSH and LH levels in all age groups were greatly increased in T1DM compared to T2DM, but T hormone levels were dramatically reduced in T1DM patients compared to T2DM patients. Additionally, patients with a disease duration of 11–15 years demonstrated a significant decrease in T hormone compared to those with a disease duration of 1–5 years. Because of age-related variations in hormone levels between T1DM and T2DM as well as a decline in T hormone levels over the course of the disease, high levels of PRL hormone may therefore exacerbate the effects of diabetes, which in turn may influence the reproductive hormones.

Mosquito-borne diseases, transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, are a major public health concern. This study aimed to examine the larvicidal activity of Coffee arabica-mediated copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. CuNPs were synthesized from Coffee arabica extract and characterized using advanced techniques such as UV spectroscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction. The extract contained bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. Green coffee had higher total phenolic content and total flavonoid capacity than roasted coffee. Green coffee extract exhibited stronger antioxidant activity and lower inhibitory concentration (IC50) values compared to roasted coffee extract. The larvicidal effects of green and roasted Coffee arabica extracts were assessed. Green Coffee arabica had lethal concentration (LC50) and LC90 of 124.5 ppm and 456.5 ppm, respectively, while roasted Coffee arabica had LC50 and LC90 of 73.5 ppm and 371.5 ppm, respectively. CuNPs at concentrations of 2 to 100 ppm resulted in LC50 and LC90 of 5.796 ppm and 36.595 ppm, respectively. The synthesized CuNPs demonstrated concentration-dependent mortality, with lower LC50 values compared to coffee extracts alone. Histological analysis showed tissue degradation in treated larvae, particularly in the head region. CuNPs had a detrimental effect on Artemia salina larvae, with higher concentrations leading to increased mortality. The LC50 and LC90 values for Artemia salina were determined as 344.3 ppm and 1073.2 ppm, respectively. Overall, Coffee arabica-mediated CuNPs displayed potent larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, indicating their potential use in eco-friendly mosquito control strategies.

Mosquito-borne diseases, transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, are a major public health concern. This study aimed to examine the larvicidal activity of Coffee arabica-mediated copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. CuNPs were synthesized from Coffee arabica extract and characterized using advanced techniques such as UV spectroscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction. The extract contained bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. Green coffee had higher total phenolic content and total flavonoid capacity than roasted coffee. Green coffee extract exhibited stronger antioxidant activity and lower inhibitory concentration (IC50) values compared to roasted coffee extract. The larvicidal effects of green and roasted Coffee arabica extracts were assessed. Green Coffee arabica had lethal concentration (LC50) and LC90 of 124.5 ppm and 456.5 ppm, respectively, while roasted Coffee arabica had LC50 and LC90 of 73.5 ppm and 371.5 ppm, respectively. CuNPs at concentrations of 2 to 100 ppm resulted in LC50 and LC90 of 5.796 ppm and 36.595 ppm, respectively. The synthesized CuNPs demonstrated concentration-dependent mortality, with lower LC50 values compared to coffee extracts alone. Histological analysis showed tissue degradation in treated larvae, particularly in the head region. CuNPs had a detrimental effect on Artemia salina larvae, with higher concentrations leading to increased mortality. The LC50 and LC90 values for Artemia salina were determined as 344.3 ppm and 1073.2 ppm, respectively. Overall, Coffee arabica-mediated CuNPs displayed potent larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, indicating their potential use in eco-friendly mosquito control strategies.

Antimicrobial resistance is a matter of threat in global public health nowadays as a great number of antibiotics have lost their potential. The current study aimed to characterize the tetA gene involved in tetracycline resistance of Escherichia coli in colibacillosis affected calves. To perform the study, a total of 69 fecal samples from colibacillosis suspected diarrheic calves were collected randomly from different areas of Rangpur division in Bangladesh. Standard laboratory protocols were followed for isolation and identification of E. coli. Then bacterial sensitivity was tested by culturing the bacteria in Mueller Hinton agar by following the protocol of Kirby-bauer disc diffusion method. Tetracycline resistant gene was specified by using tetA primer by searching tetA gene and the resistant gene was sequenced by sanger sequencing method. A phylogenetic tree of nucleotide sequences of tetA gene of E. coli was formulated using NCBI blast to characterize the gene. From 69 fecal samples, 54 were positive for E. coli. In antibiogram study, 100% isolates of E. coli were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, erythromycin and imipenem and the nature of the isolates of E.coli against other antibiotics were as follows: doxycycline 64.8%, co-trimethoprim 63%, tetracycline 59.3%, ceftriaxone 50%, gentamicin 16.7%, levofloxacin 14.8% respectively. This study noticed that about 56.25% samples (18 from 32) were resistant to tetracycline due to tetA gene and the gene (tetA from E. coli) was closely related to the corresponding gene of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella sonnei, Proteus mirabilis and Citrobacter braakii strains besides E. coli. This study suggests determining the other genes that are specific for tetracycline resistance in E. coli in Rangpur for better understanding the nature of it.

Chronic inflammation can have a considerable impact on the progression of glomerular and tubulointerstitial pathologies in chronic kidney disease (CKD). As an alternative to the early detection of inflammatory biomarkers that are most prominent in the progression of CKD, analyzing the relationship of monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in CKD is the goal of this study. This cross-sectional study involved 65 CKD subjects, consisting of 5 stages of CKD in compliance with KDIGO standards. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated utilizing the CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine formulation. MLR and NLR were calculated from the differential count hematology analyzer. TNF-a was examined using the sandwich ELISA method. Random-spot urine was used for the UACR examination. There were significant differences in MLR and TNF-a at various stages of CKD, whereas NLR exhibited no significant difference at different stages of CKD. There was a significant association in MLR, NLR, and the stages of CKD. However, TNF-a was not associated with the stages of CKD. Also, MLR and NLR were not correlated with TNF-a in CKD. Furthermore, MLR, NLR, and TNF-a had no significant relationship with urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR). In conclusion, MLR is better for assessing CKD progression than NLR and TNF-a.

A cross-sectional descriptive study through the online survey was conducted within a month to describe the status of post-COVID-19 symptoms, quality of life, and related factors among Vietnamese students. The questionnaire consists of three main parts: Part 1: Personal information; Part 2: The post-COVID-19 symptoms; and Part 3: Quality of life (EQ-5D). A total of 402 Vietnamese students over 18 years old had complete responses. Surprisingly, up to 78% of the total reported experiencing at least one post-COVID-19 symptom. Of these, the most reported symptoms were neurological (66.17%). Digestive symptoms were relatively uncommon with only 14.18%. Regarding the quality of life, some reported problems with pain and discomfort (25.62%), and anxiety (37.56%). Self-rated health was a related factor to both the status of post-COVID-19 symptoms and quality of life. These findings suggested that more studies are needed to explore potential treatments for alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life in recovered patients in the future.

Tobacco smoking is a widely practiced recreational activity and is associated with numerous health risks. Hence, the present study was conducted on Swiss albino mice to assess the impact of an aqueous extract of tobacco and cigarette smoke on behavioral, hematological, and histopathological parameters of the lungs, liver, and kidney. The mice were divided into control, Tobacco nicotiana (TN), and cigarette smoke (CS) groups (n=6). The TN group received aqueous tobacco orally at a dose of 5 ml/kg BW for 21 days, whereas the CS group was exposed to inhalational commercial cigarette smoke for the same duration. On day 22, blood samples and visceral organs were collected to evaluate hematological and histopathological parameters in euthanized mice. The total erythrocyte count was significantly elevated (P<0.05) in both groups. In contrast to the control group, the total leukocyte count was lower in the CS group (P>0.05) than in the TN group, but the hemoglobin showed no significant changes. Lower body weight, aggressive behavior, and weakness were observed in the treated groups. Histopathologically, the lung revealed emphysematous changes, alveolar septal thickening, inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and thrombus formation in pulmonary artery. The liver exhibited hepatocyte degeneration with karyomegaly and karyorrhexis, derangement of the hepatic cords and sinusoids, and central vein congestion. Derangement of renal tubules, edema, and glomerular degeneration were observed in the kidney. These observations lead us to postulate that tobacco and cigarette smoke exert detrimental effects on the structure of some vital organs in the body after direct or indirect uptake.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy that causes various metabolic syndromes, including insulin resistance in 20-40% of patients. The treatment of the condition is often carried out using metformin, but it has been reported to have different gastrointestinal side effects. Consequently, several studies have recommended the use of propolis as an alternative, which has proven effective in improving insulin resistance in diabetic rats and causes fewer side effects. Thus, the current study aimed to compare the effects of propolis and metformin in treating insulin resistance based on homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value. This study used 30 Wistar rats in randomized control trial design. The animals were divided into 5 groups: control, PCOS (PCO), PCOS with metformin (PCO+M), PCOS with propolis extract (PCO+P), and PCOS with metformin and propolis extract (PCO+MP). Subsequently, blood sampling, ovarian tissue sampling, and vaginal smearing were performed after 28 days of treatment. PCO+P and PCO+M groups experienced a significant decrease in testosterone concentration and preantral follicle count compared to PCOS group, but the anovulation cycle was similar. Fasting blood glucose concentration in PCO+MP group showed a significant decrease compared to others. However, fasting insulin concentration and HOMA-IR value in treatment groups did not show any reduction compared to PCOS group. Based on the results, propolis extract and metformin could not improve insulin resistance based on HOMA-IR value. However, propolis extract had better hypoglycaemic effects compared to metformin. In conclusion, the combination of both treatments had the better potential to lower fasting glucose concentration.

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been used for many conditions. The immunosuppressive effect of HBO is also reported. Thus, HBO is thought to be used for the treatment of lupus nephritis (LN). The current research intended to determine the effect of HBO 2.0 ATA by inhaling ±100% oxygen (O2) 3 times for 30 min, for 10 consecutive days as an immunosuppressant in an animal model of LN. A total of 21 BALB/c female healthy and active mice (body weight 25-30 g and 8-12 weeks old) were divided into 3 groups including the group of control mice (G1), the group of LN mice without HBO therapy (G2), and the group of LN mice with HBO therapy (G3). The results showed a significant reduction of anti-dsDNA Ab and proteinuria levels in the HBO (G3) compared to the LN group not given HBO (G2). Repair of kidney tissue damage was characterized by a decrease in inflammatory cells, a decrease in tubular constriction and a decrease in immune complex deposits in the group given HBO (G3) compared to the group not given HBO (G2). HBO can reduce anti-dsDNA Ab levels and proteinuria, and repair damaged kidney tissue. In conclusion, the findings suggest the HBO as an immunosuppressive in LN in mice.

The increase in ApoB levels, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and Castelli risk index I-II (CRI) involves cardiovascular disease in metabolic syndrome. Lipid peroxidation could initiate the process of atherosclerosis and involve in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. Dietary fish oil and extract of Curcuma longa Linn. have been shown to reduce lipid peroxidation and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of catfish oil and Curcuma extract on ApoB levels and lipid ratios as protective nutraceutical for metabolic syndrome. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups namely healthy control (HC), high-fat high-fructose diet (HFFD), and intervention group P1 (HFFD + catfish oil 0.08 ml/g/day), P2 (HFFD + Curcuma extract 5.04 mg/g/day), and P3 with HFFD + combination of both. HFFD induced metabolic syndrome in rats. ApoB levels were measured by the immunoturbidimetric method and lipid levels with ELISA. Lipid ratios were calculated by AIP (log TG/HDL), and the CRI I-II (TC/HDL, LDL/HDL). The study was showed significantly reduced in ApoB levels, AIP, and CRI in intervention groups. The correlation test results showed that a significant correlation among ApoB levels, AIP, and CRI. In conclusion, combination of both may decrease levels of ApoB and atherosclerosis risk indicators in metabolic syndrome rats.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) generates Shiga toxins that cause immunosuppression and diarrhea. Synthetic immunomodulatory drugs are associated with numerous severe effects, necessitating the need for substitute therapeutic agents. This study aimed to determine the immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of Termitomyces striatus in mice infected with EHEC. Mice in the positive control, negative control, and two extract-treated groups were administered orally with 200µL of 9×108 CFU/mL EHEC. From day 5, the positive control, negative control, and extract-treated mice were orally administered with levamisole (50mg/kg body weight (bw)), phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle), and aqueous extract of T. striatus (200 and 400mg/kg body weight), respectively. The control mice received the vehicle only. After the experiment, the mice were euthanized, blood was collected, and white blood cells (WBCs) and differentials were analyzed using a hematological analyzer. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interferon-gamma (INF-?) levels were also quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The extract significantly reduced elevated levels of WBCs, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, as well as significantly enhanced the levels of lymphocytes in EHEC-infected mice (p<0.05). Besides, the extract significantly lowered the levels of INF-? while significantly increased the levels of IL-4 and IgG in EHEC-infected mice. Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and phenolics are some of the phytochemicals that were detected in T. striatus. Together, these findings revealed that T. striatus extract modulated immune response in EHEC-challenged mice by lowering leucocyte counts and INF-?, enhancing lymphocytes, IL-4, and IgG, suggesting that the extract could be developed as an immunomodulatory agent.

Sperm quality is critical for male fertility, which is largely dependent on testicular development; however, nutrition is critical for optimal growth, gonadal development, and reproductive functions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Gracilaria parvispora, a red seaweed on growth performance, testicular physiology, and semen quality in ram. Fifteen indigenous healthy rams, weighing 10-11 kg and aged 12-13 months, were randomly allocated into three groups. One group was considered as control and supplied with a German grass and concentrate mixture (control diet). The other two groups were provided with a control diet plus seaweed mixture at 7 g/d or 14 g/d. The starting body weight, scrotal circumferences, and semen quality of rams were similar for all groups. However, post-treatment, both the seaweed-treated groups showed significantly higher body weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain, and increased scrotal circumference and testicular dimensions, compared to the control group. Moreover, the semen parameters, including sperm concentration, live sperm percentage, mass motility, and progressive motility were observed to be significantly increased, while decreasing abnormal sperm percentage in the seaweed-treated group. Furthermore, DPPH and ABTS scavenging abilities of sperm and in vitro fertilization rate were increased dramatically in seaweed-treated groups. Additionally, the testicular histology of seaweed-treated groups revealed a thinner tunica albuginea with expanded seminiferous tubules containing a higher number of spermatogenic cells inside. These findings suggest that seaweed G. parvispora could be a valuable dietary supplement for enhancing the growth and reproductive performance of ram.

Infiltrated leukocytes, such as neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes can be involved in a variety of tumor development. The present study aimed to investigate the linkage of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes with CA15-3 as a predictor of breast cancer. The study included 116 patients (58 patients before chemotherapy and 58 patients after chemotherapy. CA15-3 antigen levels were measured, and the grading of breast cancer was identified. In addition, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes percentage and their correlation to CA15-3 antigen were determined. The results observed a significant increase in the CA15-3 antigen levels. Moreover, the study also showed that CA15-3 antigen levels have a great correlation with grades of breast cancer particularly in grade 3 before treatment. The results also found that neutrophils and monocyte percentages were significantly increased in patients before treatment. However, lymphocyte percentage decreased before treatment and greatly increased after treatment. Additionally, the results showed a positive correlation between neutrophil and monocytes percentage with CA15-3 antigen levels before and after treatment. However, the correlation was negative between lymphocyte percentage and CA15-3 antigen levels. The present findings observed that neutrophils and monocytes have a great association with CA15-3 antigen levels, therefore, targeting these cells could protect against breast cancer development. However, targeting these cells can negatively affect the patients immune response, thus further studies are needed to study the exact mechanism by which neutrophils and monocytes could enhance breast cancer development. Additionally, increased lymphocytes after treatment might be a good strategy to treat breast cancer.

Syphilis serological tests are crucial for diagnosing and evaluating syphilis therapy. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can alter syphilis serologies, making manifestations more atypical and increasing complications. This study aims to compare treponemal and nontreponemal titers before and after therapy between HIV-positive and negative patients. From January 2018 to December 2021, this study retrospectively evaluated patients diagnosed with early and latent syphilis using quantitative nontreponemal and treponemal serologies (VDRL and TPHA) and categorized them as HIV-positive or negative. Baseline and post-therapy (1 month and last follow-up within 2 years) VDRL and TPHA titers were recorded. Twenty-nine HIV-negative and 28 HIV-positive patients met the inclusion criteria. Baseline VDRL and TPHA titers differed significantly between both groups, particularly in early syphilis, with the median baseline VDRL titer higher in the HIV-positive group. At 1-month and the last follow-up after therapy, VDRL titers continued to differ significantly, underscoring the impact of HIV coinfection on treatment response. Notably, TPHA titers exhibited significant differences between the two groups only at the last follow-up in overall syphilis. The HIV-positive group showed a higher percentage of patients failing to achieve a serological cure (60.7% vs. 58.6%). HIV coinfection in syphilis patients affects both nontreponemal and treponemal titers and elevates the treatment failure risk. This study highlights the importance of periodic syphilis serology tests in coinfected individuals to ensure treatment effectiveness, detect reinfection promptly, and prevent complications.

Globally, the annual mortality rate due to liver cirrhosis is 2.2%, which ranks 12th as the cause of death in the United States. Human mesenchymal stem cell secretome (Hu-MSC-S) is known to reduce liver injury and inflammation. Thus, the present study aims to determine the effect of Hu-MSC-S on hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression and liver regeneration in cholestatic rats after choledochal duct ligation receiving standard ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy. A randomized experimental study was conducted on 24 male Wistar rats. All rats were randomly assigned into four groups such as control, UDCA, Hu-MSC-S, and UDCA+Hu-MSC-S. The expression of HGF and mitotic index as markers of liver regeneration were evaluated using histopathologic examination. Both HGF expression and the mitotic index were significantly higher in the UDCA and Hu-MSC-S groups (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. The combined administration of UDCA and Hu-MSC-S resulted in significantly higher HGF expression and mitotic index than the individual intervention (P < 0.05). The additional administration of Hu-MSC-S increased HGF expression and mitotic index in rat model of hepatic cholestasis. In conclusion, HuMSC-S administration could be considered as a therapy in patients who received standard UDCA therapy for liver regeneration.

The demand for fresh produce is rising daily as its an excellent way to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Thus, the current study aimed to employ culture-based and molecular techniques for isolating and identifying the pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus from fresh produce. A total of 112 fresh produces of 14 different types were purchased from venders. The colonial appearance on thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose agar and CHROMagar culture plates revealed the prevalence of Vibrio spp. and V. parahaemolyticus in all examined samples, which were 45/112 (40.2%) and 40/112 (35.7%), with the highest load of up to 2.0x105cfu/g and 6.4x103cfu/g, respectively. Sixty isolates in all were chosen for further molecular characterization. Multiplex PCR results exhibited that all tested isolates were positive for tlh gene and six for tdh gene but none of isolate for trh gene. According to obtained data on antimicrobial susceptibility, the major portion of tested strains was found to be resistant to ampicillin (90%), tetracycline (80%), and streptomycin (70%). The range of the multiple antibiotic index was 0-0.33. This study finding revealed that the existence of potential pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in tested fresh produce samples constitutes a risk to public health and consumer safety, thus urging continued surveillance.