With the establishment of WTO in 1995, a race has started among the international communities to enter into FTA or some other forms of trade agreement. India is also not far behind its counterparts. Till now India has signed about 10 FTA’s with different countries of the world. The current study examines the involvement of India in the different trade agreements. This paper tries to assess India’s gain from three major FTA’s (Japan, Singapore, and South Korea) in the service sector which it has signed in the recent time. The current study also explores the increasing role of service sector in the world trade along with India.

Background. The modern era of humanity differs from the previous ones not only by its grandeur, scale, dynamism and riskiness in transforming the environment of its existence, but also by inducing new and more ecological spheres of «dialogue» between society and nature, diversifying their inventions about dominance, order and coercion. The philosophical concept of «nature» indicates not only its content harmony, but also the ancient origins of environmental risks. The heyday and decline of civilizations are associated with political actions and wars as a consequence of the development of trade and economic relations and the protection of territorial interests. This is evidenced by the history of diplomacy in the world, which had documentary warnings and real facts of environmental neglect, which measures could be taken into account: victory or defeat in a political or military confrontation; gain or loss in management; income or loss in trade; recovery and risks in nature management. Analysis of recent research and publications. The ecological vector of scientific researches, devoted to diplomacy and trade, embraces the historical, philosophical, political science, natural sciences, economic, sociological, archeological, cultural and other spectrum of development of society. The aim of the article is to study the sources of environmental constraints in the historical aspects of diplomacy of peace and trade as prerequisites for the development of economic interaction and effective consolidation under conditions of globalization. Materials and methods. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the methods of logical-analytical, step-by-step, abstraction, generalization, which reveal the dualism of the ecological foundation in diplomacy through the balancing of forces of struggle and cooperation, are used in the article. Special methods allow determining the extent to which the goals of the diplomacy of peace in the process of stimulating trade are established. The results of the research. Foreign policy was shaped with the development of human civilizations, which somehow sought to contact in different ways of interaction (peaceful/military) on the basis of prevailing ideology, religious studies, natural science and resource consumption. The natural conditions of the regions of the ancient world differed and therefore influenced the economic potential, commerce, trade. The intentions and efforts for the contact of communities were correlated with the knowledge of nature, the transformation of the environment, management, trade, and the emergence of resource expansionism. The functioning of the ancient policies was accompanied by the exchange of embassies and missions, the conclusion of defensive and offensive Union treaties. The art of negotiations and strategies, the culture of dialogue with foreigners and competitors was important for diplomatic «maneuvering» in the field of trade. The formation of environmental processes, updating the states of objects of the environment, behavioral models and organizational forms were traced in the nature of the effectiveness of communities and entrepreneurship of people. Diplomacy of the world has gradually acquired economic contours as a component of trade relations. Modern diplomacy is in a transformational state on the demand of expanding its functional capabilities to influence institutional mechanisms for counteracting globalization and environmental metamorphoses. Conclusion. Despite the existing controversy of thoughts of thinkers, historians, scientists and politicians about mechanisms for reaching consensus in the plane of stability and vigilance of the actions of the subjects of diplomacy of peace, it will always be a reflection of the progressiveness of mankind. The reason for this is the environmental constraints that arise in the environment as a reaction to the natural and energy balance, the quality and safety of the living space of society. Diplomacy of peace and trade have common origins, that will manifest themselves in a new way and scale in the age of globalization, prompting humanity to achieve ecological and social benefits based on an integrated format of political, communication, innovation and cultural relations between countries.

Background. European integration processes require improvement of institutional preconditions for cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. The economic growth of the country depends directly on proper institutional environment. Customs reform is declared a priority by Government of Ukraine and the concept of reforming the system, implementing state tax and customs policy, which provides fundamental changes in the structure of the customs authorities, such as centralized customs, is approved. It is advisable to find out whether such reorganization will facilitate and ensure the processes of European integration, or create unnecessary problems. Analysis of recent research and publications. Problems of institutional support of customs authorities are highlighted in many works of scientists and practitioners. However, there are some issues that need critical rethinking of approaches to the study of effectiveness in the implementation of customs reform in Ukraine and prospects of the current reforms. The aim of the research is to assess the current state of the institutional environment of customs regulation towards European integration and prospects for its development in the context of the concept of reforming the system, implementing tax and customs policy. Materials and methods. The information base of the work is presented by works of domestic scientists and practitioners in the sphere of customs regulation, analytical reports of international organizations, and statistic data. The survey is conducted with the use of general scientific methods: system analysis, synthesis, theoretical generalization and comparison. The results of the research. Assessment of the institutional environment of customs regulation in Ukraine towards European integration, the status and prospects of its development in the context of the concept of reforming the system of customs authorities was performed. The causes of reform undesirable effects were identified. Experience of structure formation of the customs authorities in developed countries was analyzed. Conclusion. Modernization of Customs Service is needed in Ukraine. Currently, among all functions of customs the fiscal one is dominated, i.e. filling the state budget, while ignoring the function of control under the external economic operations, security and combating smuggling. The main objective of the proposed concept of reforming the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine is a centralization of functions. However, centralization of customs without taking into account the specifics of the customs authorities can lead to excessive bureaucracy of customs formalities, braking foreign economic activity and enhancing corruption. Reform of customs should take place, taking into account the specifics of the customs authorities, using the best practices of the developed countries.

Background. The establishment of the United States, as the most influential economy in the world, serves as a consistent supporter of liberal policy in the field of economic management. Although the likelihood of a protectionist scenario of economic development is still small, the question remains about the theoretical possibility of its implementation in a more distant historical perspective, and then there will be problems in managing the processes of international trade. The aim of the article is an attempt to clarify the essence of the internal nature of the historical changes associated with the cyclical character of the evolution of state regulation of international trade. Materials and methods. In the methodology of research, the principle of particular historicism is central, according to which the objective economic laws and the corresponding principles of state policy are largely specific to each given historical epoch, but their consistent change is not chaotic, but historically deeply logical. The results of the research. The article analyzes the periodic nature of the transition to a new cycle in the development of international trade. This historical cycle is characterized by a successive alternation of periods of state regulation and deregulation of international trade. So far, there have been two such cycles, and the possibility that we are now at the threshold of a new, third historical cycle that could begin in the more or less distant future in the case of the crisis of liberal globalization and the transition to the protectionist regulation of international trade can not be completely ruled out. Such a historical cycle always begins with a phase of active state regulation. This was the case in the mercantilist phase of the first cycle in the 16th-18th centuries, which was replaced by a phase of liberal deregulation in the nineteenth century. So it was in the first phase of the second cycle, which began at the end of the 19th century in connection with the transition from free competition to the dominance of large corporations, which was accompanied by the transition from free trade to protectionism. And now we see that the same pattern can be repeated in the future in connection with the beginning of a new, third historical cycle. It is obvious that such historical cyclicality gives the processes occurring in the world economy a deeply periodical character. Conclusion. The main conclusion from the analysis of the evolution of international trade lies in the deeply-regular nature of the periodic repetition of the transition to a new historical cycle characterized by a sequential alternation of state regulation and deregulation of international trade. The practical conclusion for Ukraine, taking into account the possibility of a future transformation in the prevailing trends in international trade development, is linked to special requirements for economic policy.

Background. There are significant global changes and transformations in the world that each country needs to respond adequately. It is therefore appropriate to highlight those factors and challenges that have a significant impact on the resilience of national economies. The formation of a sustainable national economy is one of the main tasks of the state policy for the long-term perspective, which requires the identification of key resilience factors that respond to current and future global challenges. The review of scientific sources. Ukrainian researchers and economists are actively studying the resilience of economic systems. However, the impact of global challenges on the resilience of the economy requires further study. The aim of the study is to identify the main global challenges that affect the resilience of the economy by analyzing the dynamics of economic development indicators characterizing the impact of global challenges on the example of Ukraine. Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge, the application of which allowed achieving the set goal. These include: methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and systematization. The information base of the study is presented by the works of Ukrainian and foreign scholars and statistical data. The results of the research. Scholars’ approaches to determining the essence of global challenges are analyzed. The global climate, financial and food challenges are considered. The factors that influence the impact of global challenges on national economies and the indicators of their evaluation are determined. The analysis of the dynamics of indicators of economic development, characterizing the impact of global challenges on its resilience, is conducted. Conclusion. Today there is no single approach to the definition of the essence of global challenges, but the analysis of various scientific sources allows us to consider global challenges as trends that express certain processes and phenomena in the world economy. For the Ukrainian economy, the impact of global challenges is particularly true in the context of climate change, imbalances in the global financial system and the global food crisis. The lack of systemic mechanisms to support the resilience of the national economy leads to the fact that the Ukrainian economy is experiencing a marked negative deforming effect of global challenges and is unable to react in time to changes in the global economy.

Background. Effective satisfaction of the needs of the society in higher education requires significant financial resources; therefore, each state seeks to define its own strategy and scenario of financial provision of higher educational institutions. Finding an effective financing mechanism requires an analysis of various, even diametrically opposed practices to justify the performance of financial systems adapted to socio-economic conditions. Analysis of recent research and publications. The analysis of world experience and competitiveness of Higher education institutions in the market of educational services was the subject of research by many Ukrainian scientists, namely: T. M. Bogolib, L. S. Shevchenko, Ye. O. Malik, I. I. Gorin, O. Romanovsky and others. The aim of this study is to identify the current productive features of funding the higher education institutions on the example of Great Britain and Switzerland. Materials and methods. The method of analysis and systematic approach is used in the study. The information base is based on the analysis of scientific works of Ukrainian scientists and statistical data of British and Swiss origin. The results of the research. The diametrically opposed systems of financial support of higher education of Great Britain and Switzerland, their different strategies and scenarios of development are investigated. The analysis of the mechanism of financial activity of higher educational institutions is carried out. Conclusion. On the example of Great Britain and Switzerland, the link between the success of socio-economic development of society and the level of higher education is observed, since the universities of these countries are among the best in the world, and the level of economic development is one of the highest. It was made possible by the fact that the United Kingdom and Switzerland, although having different approaches to the financial provision of higher education, however their financial systems are adapted to their own potential and economic possibilities, which is decisive when choosing a financing scenario for any national economy.

The article deals with the world experience of conducting a tax audit and its legalbases. Both in Ukraine and abroad the consideration of issues related to tax audit, is topical and is of particular interest for the development of the Ukrainian tax system. In the current circumstances of the formation and development of market relations, the issues of tax interaction between tax payers, tax authorities and objects of management during the tax audit acquire special significance. It is proposed to implement the e-audit system during tax audits.

Background. The resilience of the national economy expresses the ability of the country’s economic system to resist, adapt and recover from negative external influences. The problem of increasing the resilience of the national economy has acquired a special scientific and applied importance in conditions of spatial turbulence of the world economy. The aim of the research is to develop the theory of resilience in the economy in the part of the generalization and systematization of the theoretical positions on the definition and classification of conditions and factors ensuring the resilience of the open economy to negative external influences. Materials and methods. Methodological basis of the study were methods of knowledge of economic phenomena and processes: systemic, theoretical generalization, comparative-historical method, systematization. The results of the research. The resilience of the national economy is ensured by the presence of macroeconomic, regulatory, organizational and institutional conditions as necessary conditions that make the economic system able to withstand internal and external «burdens», adapt to them and recover from their manifestation. In accordance with international practice, the conditions for ensuring the resilience of the national economy are formed by measures of foreign trade, financial, tax, competition and social policy. Such measures are implemented by a system of state institutions supporting the resiliency of the economy. Conclusion. The resilience of the national economy manifests itself under the influence of a complex of external and internal factors. External factors influence the national economy through such channels of interaction in the world economy as: foreign trade, foreign investments and loans. In the natural-ecological, socio-demographic, financial-industrial, political-legal and infrastructural environments internal factors are formed. These factors also determine the level of resilience of the national economy to external negative impacts.

Background. Integration of Ukraine into the European Union determines the formation of new socio-economic conditions, improvement of state and industry standards, that apply to all spheres of our life. The need for accelerated adaptation of civil society will determine the future situation of Ukraine among the countries of European Union. In the first stages, we received a number of preferences, that create favorable conditions for economic development, but the establishment of quotas on the volumes of supply of products from Europe and the reciprocal introduction of licensing of export of certain nomenclature positions of goods by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine to the countries of the Euro zone – are realities of the current condition of foreign economic activity, in which business entities are struggling for the right to export, which creates the basis for the formation of a national strategy for the development of foreign economic relations, in which the role of the bodies of state financial audit increases and its functions expand. Analysis of recent research and publications. Among the significant scientific researches of theoretical and practical aspects of the development of foreign economic relations of Ukraine are scientific works of authors: A. Mazaraki, T. Melnyk, A. Dunska. It should also be noted the research of the public finance audit system as an instrument and functions of the public administration of domestic scientists: I. Chuhunov, V. Fedosov, S. Bardash, M. Nykonovych, Yu. Slobodianyk, V. Fedoriv and others. The aim is to assess the situation, to determine the peculiarities of the organization and to demonstrate the necessity of increasing the amount of control measures carried out bythe state financial audit authorities for export-trading operations. Materials and methods. The information base of the article is represented by scientific works of domestic scientists, analytical and statistical national and international materials, domestic legislative acts and international legal documents, as well as information messages from professional organizations. The basis of the study is a set of scientific methods, namely: analysis, synthesis, statistical methods, idealization as a kind of abstraction, systematic and generalization. The results of the research. The article analyzes the changes in the volume of export operations in Ukraine, assesses their condition. The dynamics of tax revenues from exports to the consolidated budget is investigated. The role and quantified the results of the state financial audit of the revenue part of the consolidated budget is established. There are determined the peculiarities of implementation of international legal acts in the national legislation regulating the issues of the state audit export. The peculiarities of organizational interaction of the highest state financial audit body are established with participants of export operations in Ukraine. Conclusion. In recent years, Ukraine’s exports have changed, which is caused by European integration processes. There is a gradual reorientation of the national economy to new markets. An analysis of tax revenues has shown that the level of redistribution through the gross domestic product of tax revenues is increasing. Value Added Tax is one of the key elements in the tax revenue structure. In the case of export of goods, its amount is subject to compensation, moreover, in 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2016, there is a situation where the growth rate of the budget reimbursement of value added tax exceeds the growth rate of tax revenues. The implementation of certain provisions of the Lima Declaration of Controlling Principles was carried out in the national legislation of Ukraine, but the results of control and audit work do not fully correspond to the established norms. With the conditions of the state financial audit, the value added tax and export duty incurred as a result of export-trading operations, there is a likelihood that in the future, it will be possible to achieve minimization of violations in this area.

Background. Modern large trade organizations often, developing strategic development plans, decide on the need to internationalize their activities. The desire to take strong competitive positions both in the market of the country of origin and in the markets of other countries of the world require the various competencies from modern managers of trade. However, it is difficult to obtain them because of the lack of information on the methodological principles and practical results of the development and implementation of a strategic alternative, the selection and implementation of which would contribute to the economic growth and effective performance of the company. This is the need to determine the impact of the development of foreign trade networks on the economy of the recipient countries that determine the relevance of research related to the internalization of retail trade. Analysis of recent research and publications. Some aspects of the effects of internalization, the impact of various factors on it and the management of the development of retail trade chains over the past five years have been researched in the works of foreign and domestic scholars. The aim of the study is to determine the factors that determine the feasibility of setting and further implementation of strategic goals aimed at internalization in the field of retail trade. Materials and methods. The statistical materials and author’s own research on the development of foreign retail trade chains in Ukraine will be the information base of the study. To achieve the goal and objectives there were used the following methods: statistical data processing and interpretation; system analysis and synthesis; comparison, etc. The results of the research. The author defined the groups of market factors and specific factors for retail trade that determine feasibility of setting and further implementation of strategic goals aimed at internalization of trade companies development. The motives, which encourage retail transnational corporations and other companies to implement the strategy of internalization, are revealed. The trends analysis and systematization of the consequences of global retail trade networks has been carried out. The factors that ensure efficiency of the development strategy of retail TNCs are established. Conclusion. The expediency of setting and further implementing strategic goals aimed at internationalization in the retail sector is conditioned by two groups of factors: market and specific. The five main motivations that encourage managers of retail TNCs and other trading companies to select a strategy for internalization can be identified. Successful strategic development of retail TNCs is based on the chain of factors that provide the company with so-called territorial «rooting». Global informatization does not leave any time lag to retail TNCs for negative consequences, which can hinder the implementation of their strategic development plans, as soon as the public becomes aware of any facts about the worsening competitive positions of the retailer both in the domestic and foreign markets. Now retail TNCs in their development combine an internalization strategy with integration strategies and horizontal diversification or implement another strategic alternative to development in the markets of recipient countries – the consolidation strategy.

Background. In the conditions of the growth of international financial flows, the impact on the subjects of foreign economic activity of various risks that arise as a result of insufficient information about the economic or political situation in the recipient country or on the solvency of the buyer is increasing. The aim of the article is to determine the value orientations when creating an export-import agency as an institution for the development of the national economy. Materials and methods. The works of domestic and foreign scholars regarding the state financial support for exports has become the theoretical and methodological basis for writing the article. The research was carried out using the methods of theoretical generalization, comparative analysis, analysis and synthesis, which allowed to substantiate the need for improvement directions of the system of export support institutes in Ukraine. The results of the research. The mission of export credit agencies is to eliminate orreduce the risks of export credits; support of international trade; ensuring a positive balance of payments; the development of modern financial instruments in foreign trade and the mechanisms of state support for exports. Export support instruments of ECA arelending to foreign trade operations; provision of state guarantees for export credits;insurance of export credits and transactions from political and other risks; organizational, informational and analytical support. ECA’s main functions include distribution, compensation, risk, and information. Conclusion. With the integration of Ukraine into the markets of the European Union, the creation of ECA will improve the production and export potential of enterprises and increase the competitiveness of domestic products in international markets. At the same time, the combination of ECA’s insurance, export guarantee and export lending functions is contrary to the requirements of the WTO and the IMF, which requires appropriate changes to the legislation. Taking into account the presence of the State Export-Import Bank of Ukraine with powers of lending to foreign economic entities, it is worthwhile to rename the domestic ECA in view of its implementation of insurance operations only. The functioning of both institutions, which are closely interrelated, will ensure the achievement of a synergistic effect in simplifying the access of domestic products to foreign markets and increasing the trust of foreign business and investors in Ukrainian companies.