Lahore is famous for its rapid urban growth providing bread and butter to around 11 million population. Availability of clean drinking water to general public is the responsibility of the state. Pakistan ranks at 80 in terms of providing standard drinking water to people. This research is based on monitoring the temporal changes in water quality of various towns of Lahore for the years 2009-2019. Various water quality parameters e.g., pH, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, hardness, turbidity, chloride, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Electric Conductivity (EC) and hardness were examined, and the spatial trend was mapped. Primary data about these parameters was collected from water and sanitation authority Lahore and the interpolation was applied to examine trend in variations of various levels of these parameters for a period from 2009 to 2019. The results show that pH, alkalinity, hardness and turbidity levels in most of towns were below the acceptable limit in comparison to World Health Organization permissible standards. We found that industrial boom, poor sanitation, seepage of sewerage water and its addition in ground water has declined the overall quality of drinking water. Local government must take blunt steps to improve the quality of drinking water otherwise the overall situation may lead to become drastic in near future.

Urbanization has become a hot issue in context of environmental and socio-political scenarios which has become a point of discussion at every forum globally. The aims of this research was to detect the changes in land use and land cover in Gilgit city by using remotely sensed data. Comparative and temporal analysis was done to detect the changes in built-up area, vegetation cover, water bodies and barren land from year 2003 to 2020 by taking satellite images of the year 2003, 2013 and 2020 the result of overall changes in area for the three classes: build up land, vegetation cover and barren land. From the year 2003 built up land was 3.37 sq.km, water body was 4.01 sq.km, vegetation cover 19.83 sq.km and barren land was 25.37 sq.km. A significant change was observed in area of these classes in 2013, where an increase in builtup was observed up to9 sq.km and water body covered 4.01 sq.km which was almost constant as compared to 2003 while vegetation cover declined to 19.43 sq.km and the barren land was also declined to 20.33 sq.km. The time span from 2013 to 2020 shows a change in buildup land which was observed increased by17 sq.km.