This study describes the surface deformation in lower Jehlum and eastern Potwar using remotely sensed Shutter Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to identify regional uplift rates. Mapping of active surface deformations help to predict seismic hazards. DEMs are the fundamental input factors that identify the surface geometry and its belongings. These belongings include stream offset, elevation, and slope breaks within a contributing area. This study provides an evidence of tectonic activity and its impact on regional drainage network using SRTM DEM. Various indices including concavity and steepness were computed using power law in steady state conditions. We prepared the drainage network map of the study site showing uplift rates in mm/year. The deflection in stream network proves the existence of active fault in this region which controls the local drainage network. The results prove the relative uplift along Main Boundary Thurst (MBT) and the impact of active tectonic on evolving young organs.

Cloud computing emphasis on using and underlying infrastructure in a much efficient way. That’s why it is gaining immense importance in today’s industry. Like every other field, cloud computing also has some key feature for estimating the standard of working of every cloud provider. Elasticity is one of these key features. The term elasticity in cloud computing is directly related to response time (a server takes towards user request during resource providing and de-providing. With increase in demand and a huge shift of industry towards cloud, the problem of handling user requests also arisen. For a long time, the concept of virtualization held industry with all its merits and demerits to handle multiple requests over cloud. Biggest disadvantage of virtualization shown heavy load on underlying kernel or server but from past some decades an alternative technology emerges and get popular in a short time due to great efficiency known as containerization. In this paper we will discuss about elasticity in cloud, working of containers to see how it can help to improve elasticity in cloud for this will using some tools for analyzing two technologies i.e. virtualization and containerization. We will observe whether containers show less response time than virtual machine. If yes that’s mean elasticity can be improved in cloud on larger scale which may improve cloud efficiency to a large extent and will make cloud more eye catching.

The antibody isolation and the serum preparation may be conducted through apheresis from the blood of the COVID-19 recovered in individual if regulatory permissions are on the way.Today nurses, physicians and the health care providers have to face known COVID-19 cases and are also infected. They are sent to quarantine. If such individuals are treated with convalescent serum, quarantine period may be avoided, and it would be helpful to perform their duties. Finally, convalescent serum is the only option that can be used as the most secure and immediate action before preparation of COVID-19 vaccine.

The nanoparticles play a significant role in fabrication process which are used at large scale in various fields e.g., sensors, electronics drug delivery, optics, catalysis and in water purification process. Nanoparticles (NiO/ZnO) were synthesized using sol-gel technique. In this method, 2-propanol was taken to analyze the particle size. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the presence of ZnO/NiO. Ultraviolet Visible (UV) data recorded a band gap for ZnO that was 4.1 eV while UV spectrum of methylene blue demonstrated a decrease in concentration of methylene blue while using NiO/ ZnO as catalyst.

Spatio-temporal variations in assessment of land values play a vital role in better urban planning and policy making. This study focuses on spatial structures of land values in Lahore metropolitan area by using different spatial and statistical techniques. The comparative analysis of land values for the years 2012 & 2018 is generated which is useful for planners, investors, and policy makers. The research is descriptive but explanatory in nature to show correlation between independent variables (real land values) and dependent variables (interpolated land values). The interpolation techniques which have the highest correlation coefficient, were used further processing. The inter category shift based on interpolation maps for comparison shows categorical shift which is useful for investors in future. The results indicate that the land values are higher in Central Business District and Gulberg Zone because of highly active business zone which increases the demand of the land which is ultimately increasing the value of land in Lahore metropolitan area.

Continuous monitoring of spatial variations in urban poverty is a complex multidimensional phenomenon. In urban areas of South Asian countries, various factors contribute to promote urban poverty e.g., rapid and unmanaged urbanization, high migration and inflation rates and fluctuations in land values. The poor community should be focused by policy makers to solve poverty related issues. This research was conducted in a metropolitan city Lahore in Punjab province of Pakistan which is confronting with urban poverty and need to construct a policy for poverty alleviation. Alkire-Foster approach was used to compute urban poverty by selecting poverty cut off point k=2/5 for this study. It demonstrates that 70.8% of households were poor whereas 29.8% households were living out of poverty with positive potentials. The results can be taken as a reference point to alleviate poverty in other regions of country.

Spatio-temporal variations in assessment of land values play a vital role in better urban planning and policy making. This study focuses on spatial structures of land values in Lahore metropolitan area by using different spatial and statistical techniques. The comparative analysis of land values for the years 2012 & 2018 is generated which is useful for planners, investors, and policy makers. The research is descriptive but explanatory in nature to show correlation between independent variables (real land values) and dependent variables (interpolated land values). The interpolation techniques which have the highest correlation coefficient, were used further processing. The inter category shift based on interpolation maps for comparison shows categorical shift which is useful for investors in future. The results indicate that the land values are higher in Central Business District and Gulberg Zone because of highly active business zone which increases the demand of the land which is ultimately increasing the value of land in Lahore metropolitan area.

In Pakistan, about 36000 people were killed in road accidents in the year 2019. This study focuses on hazard assessment through geo-spatial techniques using both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. An attempt was made to demarcate the most vulnerable roads to accidents for the years 2015 to 2019 through geospatial techniques. The data used in this research was collected through real time field observation using questionnaire-based survey. The results show that the ratio of reported accidents was higher in 2019 which was 53,979, in comparison to the number of accidents occurred in 2015 which were 19,073. It caused 478 casualities in 2019 in comparison to 308 in 2015. We found various reasons behind these accidents at both administration and individual levels e.g., about 67% increase was observed in number of vehicles from 2015 to 2019 whereas only 14% driving licenses were issues against this number. The most vulnerable roads where most of accidents occurred were Ferozepur Road, Ring Road, Mall Road and Jail Road whereas, in Iqbal Town, the roads were Canal Road, Multan Road, College Road and Raiwind Road. Geospatial techniques proved efficient for mapping the vulnerable roads to accidents.

Continuous monitoring ofspatial variationsin urban poverty is a complex multidimensional phenomenon. In urban areas of South Asian countries, variousfactors contribute to promote urban poverty e.g.,rapid and unmanaged urbanization, highmigration and inflation rates and fluctuationsin land values.The poor community should be focused by policy makersto solve poverty related issues. This research was conducted in a metropolitan city Lahore in Punjab province of Pakistan which is confronting with urban poverty and need to construct a policy for poverty alleviation. Alkire-Foster approach was used to compute urban poverty by selecting poverty cut off point k=2/5 forthisstudy.It demonstratesthat 70.8% of households were poor whereas 29.8% households were living out of poverty with positive potentials.The results can be taken as a reference point to alleviate poverty in other regions of country.

In Pakistan, about 36000 people were killed in road accidentsin the year 2019. Thisstudy focuses on hazard assessment through geo-spatial techniques using both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies.Anattemptwasmadetodemarcatethemost vulnerableroadstoaccidentsfortheyears2015 to 2019 through geospatial techniques. The data used in thisresearchwas collected through real time field observation using questionnaire-based survey. The resultsshowthat the ratio ofreported accidentswas higherin 2019 which was 53,979, in comparison to the number of accidents occurred in 2015 which were 19,073. It caused 478 casualities in 2019 in comparison to 308 in 2015. We found various reasons behind these accidents at both administration and individual levels e.g., about 67% increase was observed in number of vehicles from 2015 to 2019whereas only14%driving licenseswere issues against this number.Themost vulnerable roadswheremost of accidents occurred wereFerozepur Road,Ring Road, MallRoad and Jail Roadwhereas, in Iqbal Town, the roads were Canal Road, Multan Road, College Road and Raiwind Road. Geospatial techniques proved efficient for mapping the vulnerable roads to accidents

Spatio-temporal variations in assessment of land values play a vital role in better urban planning and policy making. Thisstudy focuses on spatialstructures ofland valuesin Lahore metropolitan area by using different spatial and statistical techniques. The comparative analysis of land valuesfor the years 2012 & 2018 is generated which is useful for planners, investors, and policy makers. The research is descriptive but explanatory in nature to show correlation between independent variables(real land values) and dependent variables(interpolated land values).Theinterpolationtechniqueswhichhavethehighestcorrelationcoefficient,wereused furtherprocessing.Theintercategoryshiftbasedoninterpolationmapsforcomparisonshows categoricalshiftwhichisusefulforinvestorsinfuture.The resultsindicate thatthe landvalues are higher in Central Business District and Gulberg Zone because of highly active business zone which increasesthe demand of the land which is ultimately increasing the value of land in Lahore metropolitan area.

This study describes the surface deformation in lower Jehlum and eastern Potwar using remotely sensed Shutter Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to identify regional uplift rates. Mapping of active surface deformations help to predict seismic hazards. DEMs are the fundamental input factors that identify the surface geometry and its belongings. These belongings include stream offset, elevation, and slope breaks within a contributing area. This study provides an evidence of tectonic activity and its impact on regional drainage network using SRTM DEM. Various indices including concavity and steepness were computed using power law in steady state conditions. We prepared the drainage network map of the study site showing uplift rates in mm/year. The deflection in stream network proves the existence of active fault in this region which controls the local drainage network. The results prove the relative uplift along Main Boundary Thurst (MBT) and the impact of active tectonic on evolving young organs.

This study describes the surface deformation in lower Jehlum and eastern Potwar using remotely sensed Shutter Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to identify regional uplift rates. Mapping of active surface deformations help to predict seismic hazards. DEMs are the fundamental input factors that identify the surface geometry and its belongings. These belongings include stream offset, elevation, and slope breaks within a contributing area. This study provides an evidence of tectonic activity and its impact on regional drainage network using SRTM DEM. Various indices including concavity and steepness were computed using power law in steady state conditions. We prepared the drainage network map of the study site showing uplift rates in mm/year. The deflection in stream network proves the existence of active fault in this region which controls the local drainage network. The results prove the relative uplift along Main Boundary Thurst (MBT) and the impact of active tectonic on evolving young organs.

Himalayan mountain belt was created by the Indo–Eurasian collision. The length of this seismically active mountain belt is almost 2500 km. Southern partition of this zone is marked by the main frontal thrust. We computed the isobase, relative relief, incision, vertical dissection and drainage density maps of the study site. Drainage density is inversely proportional to the rest of computed parameters. Drainage density is less where the incision/deep cutting is high. Pezu and north western parts of the study site are observed vulnerable to tectonic activity and high risks. These sites are the adjoining parts of active faults. The rates of morphological changes and the combination of stripping processes are determined through Surface dynamics maps (SDM). Although it is a handy tool used to evaluate erosion conditions of sags or sub basins. Remote sensing and GIS techniques proved efficient for appraisal of thrust in Marwat Kishore and Bhittani ranges.

The availability of water has become a serious concern globally, therefore, it is a need to use waste water by its treatment. This treated water can be used in various sectors e.g., agriculture, leather industry, textile industry and in chemical reactors etc. The oxides of semiconductor nanoparticles are effective catalyst which are used in wastewater treatment. Ethylene glycol is used in sol-gel method to synthesize NiO/ZnO nanocomposites. ZnCl2 along with NiCl2.6H2O were used as precursors during synthetization of NiO/ZnO nanocomposites. We used various techniques such as Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and particle size analysis for synthesis of the nanocomposites which confirm that these nanocomposites act as catalyst.

The objective of this appraisal is to determine the feasibility of dam sites in Swat Valley and its peripheries (Northern Pakistan). We exploited SRTM DEM with a spatial resolution of 90m to extract various geomorphic indexes for the dam site feasibility. This research aims at pinpointing areas which can be opted for small dam constructions to overcome the electricity crisis in Pakistan to some extent to meet the national electricity needs. We exercised River profile analysis (RPA), D8 flow popular algorithm, Concavity, Steepness, and Hack-gradient methods to prepare interpolated maps for the Steepness index, Concavity index, Relative uplift rates, and other parameters like value zoom, vector zoom, surface zoom, density zoom, relief zoom and contour map. The drainage pattern of this area indicates that there are high relative uplift rates, erosion, steepness and concavity in NE, NW and SW. The DEM based RPA develops as much easier and faster approach to demarcate sites influenced by neotectonics.

The nanoparticles play a significant role in fabrication process which are used at large scale in various fields e.g., sensors, electronics drug delivery, optics, catalysis and in water purification process. Nanoparticles (NiO/ZnO) were synthesized using sol-gel technique. In this method, 2-propanol was taken to analyze the particle size. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the presence of ZnO/NiO. Ultraviolet Visible (UV) data recorded a band gap for ZnO that was 4.1 eV while UV spectrum of methylene blue demonstrated a decrease in concentration of methylene blue while using NiO/ ZnO as catalyst.

Floods are considered the most frequent natural catastrophic events, which effect the human lives and infrastructure. Flooding causes tremendous loss of life and property every year. We used satellite imagery to map flood inundation in Jehlum river for the both pre and post flood scenarios and classified it into major landuse including vegetation, water body, buildup land and the bare soil. The results show that about 40% area was agricultural land, 29% was bare soil, 16% was build up land and 12% area was noted as water body.The categorization of the post flood areas, showed that flood has destroyed the buildup and agriculture lands.The superimposition proposed that agricultural land was 43% before the flood which reduced up to 31%,the normal flow of water was 12% before flood which was increased up to 33%, build up area and bare soil was also decreased up to 10% and 25% respectively. Remote sensing and GIS proved efficient in convergence of optimistic results.

Satellite imageries are being used as primary source of information due to their vast coverage and high temporal resolution. Unnamed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is being used these days because of its accuracy, autonomous flights, cost effectiveness and rapid overview of data. UAV provides a fully or partially autonomous image acquiring platform which is devoid of any manned flight controller. In this research Phantom 3 advanced Quadcopter was used for an image acquisition plan for generation of Digital Surface Model (DSM). Two designs were drawn through this workflow for the reconstruction of Department of Space Science and technology in university of Punjab. For the first design 3D quadcopter is hovered at the height of 120 feet (37 meters) which covered an area of 83 x 130 meter, frontal and sidewise overlapping is 80%, and the camera is kept at an angle of 70° for the double grid type pattern. For second mission design a circular flight is taken to obtain images at the height of 27meters with coverage area of (107 x 106) meter, 45° camera angle and 10° circular angle. For reconstruction of urban area, quadcopter is hovered at relatively greater height of 210 feet (64 meters), following the double grid pattern. In order to attain desired GST, the camera is flown at a constant height over the Area of Interest (AOI). The highly overlapped images obtained using Phantom 3, advanced Quadcopter are then processed using Pix4d software for processing of images. Initially, the common points of adjacent images are matched automatically. After matching similar points, additional geographic information of coordinates and z-value of elevation associated with it is generated in 3D space by sparse point cloud. Then a detailed 3D model along the precise geo location is obtained using dense point cloud. A study surface area and its texture are generated using 3D mesh. Finally, a desired 3D surface model is accurately generated containing desired AOI. The results are analyzed using UAV imagery to generate high resolution DSM. DSM for construction of urban area of Department of Space Science was generated at a very high resolution of 3.55cm and 1.8cm respectively. The accuracy of geo locations can be improved by using GPS loggers or by taking the GCPs. It is suggested by many authors that 3D surface model of reconstruction of building is quite accurate geographically and geometrically, after the comparison of bundle block adjustments, Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) value, 3D matching and average point cloud density of DSM. Thus, the 3D surface models are used in parameters, features extraction and estimation of values including depth and elevation values, in texturing, 3D data collection for 3D visualizations, 3D roof tops and building facades and contour maps and orthodox photos.

Floods are considered the most frequent natural catastrophic events, which effect the human lives and infrastructure. Flooding causes tremendous loss of life and property every year. We used satellite imagery to map flood inundation in Jehlum river for the both pre and post flood scenarios and classified it into major landuse including vegetation, water body, buildup land and the bare soil. The results show that about 40% area was agricultural land, 29% was bare soil, 16% was build up land and 12% area was noted as water body.The categorization of the post flood areas, showed that flood has destroyed the buildup and agriculture lands.The superimposition proposed that agricultural land was 43% before the flood which reduced up to 31%,the normal flow of water was 12% before flood which was increased up to 33%, build up area and bare soil was also decreased up to 10% and 25% respectively. Remote sensing and GIS proved efficient in convergence of optimistic results.

Himalayan mountain belt was created by the Indo–Eurasian collision. The length of this seismically active mountain belt is almost 2500 km. Southern partition of this zone is marked by the main frontal thrust. We computed the isobase, relative relief, incision, vertical dissection and drainage density maps of the study site. Drainage density is inversely proportional to the rest of computed parameters. Drainage density is less where the incision/deep cutting is high. Pezu and north western parts of the study site are observed vulnerable to tectonic activity and high risks. These sites are the adjoining parts of active faults. The rates of morphological changes and the combination of stripping processes are determined through Surface dynamics maps (SDM). Although it is a handy tool used to evaluate erosion conditions of sags or sub basins. Remote sensing and GIS techniques proved efficient for appraisal of thrust in Marwat Kishore and Bhittani ranges.

The objective of this appraisal is to determine the feasibility of dam sites in Swat Valley and its peripheries (Northern Pakistan). We exploited SRTM DEM with a spatial resolution of 90m to extract various geomorphic indexes for the dam site feasibility. This research aims at pinpointing areas which can be opted for small dam constructions to overcome the electricity crisis in Pakistan to some extent to meet the national electricity needs. We exercised River profile analysis (RPA), D8 flow popular algorithm, Concavity, Steepness, and Hack-gradient methods to prepare interpolated maps for the Steepness index, Concavity index, Relative uplift rates, and other parameters like value zoom, vector zoom, surface zoom, density zoom, relief zoom and contour map. The drainage pattern of this area indicates that there are high relative uplift rates, erosion, steepness and concavity in NE, NW and SW. The DEM based RPA develops as much easier and faster approach to demarcate sites influenced by neotectonics.

Satellite imageries are being used as primary source of information due to their vast coverage and high temporal resolution. Unnamed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is being used these days because of its accuracy, autonomous flights, cost effectiveness and rapid overview of data. UAV provides a fully or partially autonomous image acquiring platform which is devoid of any manned flight controller. In this research Phantom 3 advanced Quadcopter was used for an image acquisition plan for generation of Digital Surface Model (DSM). Two designs were drawn through this workflow for the reconstruction of Department of Space Science and technology in university of Punjab. For the first design 3D quadcopter is hovered at the height of 120 feet (37 meters) which covered an area of 83 x 130 meter, frontal and sidewise overlapping is 80%, and the camera is kept at an angle of 70° for the double grid type pattern. For second mission design a circular flight is taken to obtain images at the height of 27meters with coverage area of (107 x 106) meter, 45° camera angle and 10° circular angle. For reconstruction of urban area, quadcopter is hovered at relatively greater height of 210 feet (64 meters), following the double grid pattern. In order to attain desired GST, the camera is flown at a constant height over the Area of Interest (AOI). The highly overlapped images obtained using Phantom 3, advanced Quadcopter are then processed using Pix4d software for processing of images. Initially, the common points of adjacent images are matched automatically. After matching similar points, additional geographic information of coordinates and z-value of elevation associated with it is generated in 3D space by sparse point cloud. Then a detailed 3D model along the precise geo location is obtained using dense point cloud. A study surface area and its texture are generated using 3D mesh. Finally, a desired 3D surface model is accurately generated containing desired AOI. The results are analyzed using UAV imagery to generate high resolution DSM. DSM for construction of urban area of Department of Space Science was generated at a very high resolution of 3.55cm and 1.8cm respectively. The accuracy of geo locations can be improved by using GPS loggers or by taking the GCPs. It is suggested by many authors that 3D surface model of reconstruction of building is quite accurate geographically and geometrically, after the comparison of bundle block adjustments, Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) value, 3D matching and average point cloud density of DSM. Thus, the 3D surface models are used in parameters, features extraction and estimation of values including depth and elevation values, in texturing, 3D data collection for 3D visualizations, 3D roof tops and building facades and contour maps and orthodox photos.