Language is more than just a tool of communication. Beyond, it is a window to see how people organize their understanding and expression of conflict, including in a divorce. Divorce mediation then can be an alternative for dispute resolution process. The speakers’ (spouses and mediator) judgment and attitude towards the topic discussed in divorce mediation are implied in language they use in making statement, response or feedback related to the problems. It deals with one of linguistic features known as Modality. This research therefore, aims to identify the modalities used by Indonesian speakers in divorce mediations and to explain their attitude toward the problems discussed in divorce mediations and toward interlocutors. The research was conducted using Halliday’s theory of Modality. The result of this research shows kinds of modalities used by Indonesian speakers in divorce mediations discourse; specifically in the type, orientation, and the value of modality. The mediator mostly used probabilities and the wife mostly used inclinations. Besides, the mediator and husband mostly used low value modalities. Furthermore, in Indonesian divorce mediation discourse, the mediator, husband, and wife mostly used subjective-implicit. The topic discussed in Indonesian divorce mediation is about reuniting the husband and wife who planned to have a divorce.

This paper describes the forms of prehistoric burials in South Sulawesi. The results of this study indicate that there are different forms of burial has been known since the Neolithic period to ethnography period. The burial forms such as direct burial without the use of container, burial directly or indirectly by using containers. The container to be used such as a rock (stone coffin, gravel pit, stone carving), wood (erong, duni, allung, passilliran), ceramics (balubu, bowl, jar), or simply wrapped with a cloth or mat. Grave orientation is generally east-west or toward the sacred mountain, in accordance with their beliefs. The burial of corpses is accompanied by a burial tomb various provisions, such as ceramics, objects of metal (gold, copper and bronze), beads and bracelets. The patterned pre-Islamic burial system is still life in certain communities, for example various forms tomb in Tana Toraja and even in the early Islamic period.

Two languages are never considered to represent the same social reality in similar way sufficiently, especially in conveying the humour. The objectives of this research are to identify the patterns of transitivity and modality used to represent the humour in marriage proposal skit of English and Makassarese and also to explain the way of English and Makassarese humour maintain power of relationship in marriage proposal skit. This research was conducted by using Critical Discourse analytic approach of Fairclough and Halliday’s Theory particularly in transitivity and modality system of both English and Makassarese. The results of this research show that Halliday’s theory cannot cover all Makassarese data, especially in dividing process of functions in the level of ideational and interpersonal meaning of Makassarese data. In fact, in building their relationship through humour, English speakers tend to use many relational processes which they asked about the identity of their interlocutor and also use many deontic modality (desirability, obligation, and permission). In Makassarese data, speakers tend to use many material processes that they can know what happened with their interlocutor and what is their interlocutor doing. And also they use lack of deontic modality with no obligation category.

Intelligence is one of psychological factors which affect the speaking proficiency. Therefore, this study aims at finding out whether or not there is a significant correlation between students’ intelligence and their speaking skills. With regard to the methodology applied in this study, a correlation research was used to determine whether, and to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables in form of quantitative method. Purposive sampling was used in the correlational research due to the assumption that the selected students were able to give information or data in relation to the research problems based on the research design. Thus, 40 students were chosen as the samples. The study was conducted at the first-year students of SMA Negeri 2 Makassar. Moreover, the quantifiable data were obtained from speaking test based on the Heaton assessment and intelligence test based on the Barret assessment which were distributed to the students. The data were then analyzed by Pearson product moment. The findings showed that there was a significant correlation between students’ intelligence and their speaking skills in degree of high correlation. In other words, the assumption views that the higher intelligence belongs to students the better ability they speak.

The purposes of this research were (1) to reveal the kinds of symbols that applied in the texts of Kapata in Central Maluku and (2) to map out the meanings of the symbols. The data of this research was taken from texts of Kapata in Saparua Island, Central Maluku. The texts were obtained from field research through the process of observation, library research and interview. All obtained data were analyzed with descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of this research explained that (1) in Saparua Island, types of symbols found were Lexical Symbols (Noun and Adjective), Phrasal Symbols (Verb Phrase and Noun Phrase), Clausal Symbol (Dependent Clause) and Sentential Symbol; and (2) it is obviously seen that Kapata generally contained either denotative or denotative - connotative meanings.

This research focuses on Rub subtype verbs in and English Konjo language. The aims of the research were (1) to identify Rub subtype verbs in Konjo language and English. (2) to investigate the similarities and the differences of Rub subtype verbs in English and Konjo language in the aspect of semantic and grammatical construction. Furthermore, this research used descriptive qualitative method. English data were taken from COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English). Meanwhile, Konjo language data were taken from observation and interview. Then, the results of this research indicated that (1) there are twelve Rub subtype verbs in English: rub, wipe, scrape, scratch, mark, sweep, brush, shave, rake, polish, lick and wash. Then, in Konjo language, there are nineteen verbs of Rub subtype: a’goso’, assossoro, angngampallasa, a’lu’lu’, angnga’ru’ akkankang, angngara’musu, annanrai, a’ca’ a’barrasa, assika’, accukkuru, kokkoro, assumer, a’lemong, angngemu’, a’bissa, assassa, and angngi’lasi. (2) The similiarities and the differences of Rub subtype verbs in English and Konjo language: The similarities are both of Rub subtype verbs in English and Konjo language can be applied in construction I (Agent + Target + Manip) and construction II (Agent + Manip + Target). The differences are the variant construction of English Rub subtype verbs and the extra constructions of Konjo language Rub subtype verbs. The variant construction of English Rub subtype verbs is variant construction Ib (Agent + Target (Adj) + Manip) and extra constructions of Konjo language are extra construction Ia (Agent + Target), Ib (Target + Agent), Ic (Agent + Target + Agent), Id (Agent), Ie (Target + Agent)*, IIa (Agent + Target + Manip)*, IIb (Manip + Agent + Target), IIIa (Manip + Target + Manip) and IIIb (Manip + Manip + Target).

Literary work and movie have their own characteristics even though both have the same storyline. Literary work reveal the story in narrative form while movie, reveal the story through audio and visual.Today many literary works adapted into movie.One of literary works adapted into movie is Twelve Years a Slave. Twelve Years a Slave is a work was written by Solomon Northup which is based on his journey life when he was become slave for twelve years. This work was adapted into movie, in 2013 with the same title. This study aims to find the differences and similarities of both version of literary work and its movie and to identify the process of adapting of literary work (narrative slave) into adaptation work (movie). The method used was document analysis and showcase the screenshot with using the structuralism which focus on the intrinsic elements of the story and comparing it with intrinsic elements on movie adaptation.This data analysis shows that there are many changes that occur in the adaptation work during the adaptation process.That was because the changes of medium and how to deliver the message be adjusted with duration and the existence of other supporting things such as the addition, reduction and improvisation of the scene.

Defense mechanism is strategies the ego uses to defend itself against the anxiety provoked by conflicts. The aim of the research is to describe the types of defense mechanism in two of Poe’s selected short stories, The Black Cat & The Tell-Tale Heart & to reveal the implementation of characters’ mechanism in solving the conflicts. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with a psychoanalysis approach Sigmund Freud’s theory of defense mechanism. The data constitute both primary & supporting data. The primary data derived from E. A. Poe’s Selected Short Stories The Black Cat & The Tell-Tale Heart, while the supporting data were taken by means of library research mainly from books, theses, dissertation, electronic articles & journals. The results show that the characters have performed a range of defense mechanisms in Poe’s selected short stories. In The Black Cat & The Tell-Tale Heart stories, the characters are mainly concerned with repression, denial, reaction formation, rationalization, displacement of self-defense. These characters performed a range of defense mechanism in order to resolve the conflicts.

The background of the study is the lack of adequate vocabulary by students due to lack of vocabulary exercises. The teacher teaches the students based on the textbook and running it to get the target of the curriculum which not paid attention to the students understanding when it caused them tended to be bored. This study was about the application of STAR strategy to improve students’ vocabulary. Thus, this study was aimed (1) to find out how STAR strategy application can improve students’ vocabulary (2) to explain the students’ perception about learning vocabulary through STAR strategy. The design of this study was a pre-experimental method. The subject of this study was first grade students of the senior high school. Furthermore, the data were gained through a test (pre-test and post-test) and non-test (questionnaire). The test was used to know students’ competence before and after the implementation, while a questionnaire was used to know students’ perceptions towards STAR strategy. The significant findings of the recent study were the students’ vocabulary mastery is significantly increased. It can be seen from the result of students’ average score and good responses by students. Students’ average score from pre-test was 22 and the post-test was 73. The t-test score was higher than the t-table (2,09< 13,66 > 2, 86). It was meant that researchers’ hypothesis could be accepted. Finally, the STAR strategy could be implemented practically and pedagogically in improving students’ vocabulary.

Semantics is the field of linguistic concerned with the study of meaning in language. The aims of the research are to analyze the forms and meanings of the stative verbs in progressive tense in corpora. The data of this research were obtained from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and British National Corpus (BNC). The data of the corpora used descriptive qualitative. The result of the research shows that the stative verbs are found and used in progressive tense. The stative verbs appeared in all types of progressive tense except future perfect progressive. The use of the stative verbs in progressive tense took place due to overgeneralization in the use of the native speakers’ form of American and British English. The stative verbs in progressive tense used to express temporariness, emotiveness, comprehension and mixed categories of meaning; temporariness and emotiveness, temporariness and tentativeness. Temporariness meaning almost appeared in all types of progressive. Stative verbs in progressive tense indirectly stated temporariness in stative sense of meaning, is contrary to the rules of English grammar.

Construction type is a theory proposed by Dixon to analyze sentences based on its semantic type. This study aimed to compare the construction type of ‘deliver’ verb of English compared to ‘bawa’ verbof Wolio language proposed by Dixon and to elaborate the form of ‘bawa’ when it applied in different type of sentences. Generally, for Giving semantic type, there are four types of construction to cover it. There are some words includes in this Giving type and one of the words is ‘deliver’. Descriptive qualitative method is used to analyze this study. To do this study, the writer collects the data from COCA and or BNC for English data, while for Wolio data, the writer gained from observation and or interview. Furthermore, in his framework, ‘deliver’ constructed in construction type I only. Nevertheless, the result of this study shows that beside can be constructed in construction type I, the data from COCA and or BNC shows that ‘deliver’ also can be constructed in construction type II while the for the Wolio language, the data shows that there are two construction type which can be applied for the verb and Dixon’s framework does not cover it. Moreover, in Wolio language, the form of ‘bawa’ verb can be formed in ‘bawa’, ‘tobawa’, ‘bawea’, ‘bawapo’, ‘bawakea’, ‘bawakapea’, and ‘bawapea’.

This paper explores the reactions from students and teachers about the potential of using Smartphone on students learning in school. Today’s Smartphone is an important device of a user’s daily life because it has many applications. It can facilitates the users. In learning process, Smartphone can help the teachers and the students. Using Smartphone offers benefits when in learning process particularly in English. It facilitates the students to deliver their works and share information to their classmates through Whatsapp (WA). It can also help students to learn independenly in listening and speaking through English Listening & Speaking Application. Then the students can translate several words by using Dictionary Appilcation. Moreover, it can be stressed that internet in Smartphone can provide them with many resources to find diverse materials that they learned in English. However, using Smartphone has disadvantages and challenges in learning English. It makes students do things instantly. They do not focus to learn more. Furthermore, the students are spending long time for chatting in facebook, twitter, instagram, and other social media, browsing non-academic websites, playing games in the middle of the lesson, and cheating along the tests. In addition, the students can be addicted to use it.

The research is about deixis expression in English and Tukang Besi language. This reasearch attempts to describe types of deixis in English and Tukang Besi language. Descriptive qualitative method is used to reveal the types of deixis that used in English and Tukang besi with contrastive analysis to find out the differences and similarities between personal deixis of English and Tukang Besi language. the total number of subject personal pronouns in English is seven: I, He, She, It, You, We, and They; while in Tukang Besi, there are also seven personal pronouns, they are; yaku,kita, kami, ko o, komiu, iya, ammai. There are no word which has same meaning with "it" in Tukang Besi. Tukang Besi People only use the name of things directly without use an "it".

Reading is one of the basic English skills which should be mastered by the students. This study was intended to explore the use of SQ3R technique to improve students` reading comprehension and to find out the students` perception toward the use of SQ3R technique. The method in this study is mixed method with Quan-qual model. The quantitative method used quasi-experimental design with control and experimental group. The population in this research used purposive sampling technique with the number of sample are 24 students as respondent; 12 students in control group and 12 students in experimental group. This study was conducted at SMP Negeri 2 Saluputti from the eighth grade students in academic year 2016/2017. The instrument that the writer used are reading test and questionnaire and the data were analyzed through SPSS 20. The research findings shows that the implementation of SQ3R technique could improve the students’ reading comprehension ability especially the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Saluputti and the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Saluputti have good perception towards the use of SQ3R technique. This research shows the improvement in students` reading comprehension, for that reason, it is recommended that the English teacher apply certain effective technique in teaching reading to enhance student`s comprehension.

This study is appointed to report the English teacher’s understanding of teaching productive skills through Neuro-Linguistics Programming. Neuro-Linguistics Programming as one of the approach in teaching English as a foreign language, with focusing on the brain anatomy, and it can stimulate student’s creative thinking, language uses, and motivation. Productive skills are need to be fostered by the students in learning English as a foreign language, because writing, and speaking are the most essential language skills. This research is uses qualitative descriptive method, with triangulation model in doing validity and reliability data. There are some steps applied in this research; Planning, observation, interviews, giving questionnaire, and the last is data analysis. The researcher focuses on the English lecturers who have taught English more than 2 years as subjects of the research. 7 questions in close - ended answer (yes/no answer) are given and 5 questions in short answer interview are implemented to gain the data regarding to lecturer’s understanding in NLP concept for teaching productive skills. 23 English Lecturers both male and female are to be the subjects of the research. From the data analysis, the result shows that almost of English lecturers know the NLP approach in teaching language, and they always give brain storming as a part of NLP concepts.