Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation. This research was conducted under the research grant RSF “Autoimmune endocrinopathies multiple organ failure that are genomic, postgenomic and metabolic markers. Genetic risk prediction, monitoring, early predictors, personalized correction and rehabilitation.” Project number is 17-75-30035.

Ectopic thyroid is a rare embryological aberration which can occur in any moment of the migration of the thyroid resulting in lingual (at tongue base), sublingual (below the tongue), prelaryngeal (in front of the larynx), and substernal (in the mediastinum) ectopy. It is commonly found in the base of the tongue, just behind the foramen cecum, and is subject to the same diseases as the thyroid gland itself. The thyroid gland located at the base of the tongue is called lingual thyroid. Lingual thyroid is the most frequent ectopic location of the thyroid gland, although its prevalance varies between 1:100000 and 1:300000, it occurs more frequently in females, with a female to male ratio of 4:1. The true insidence is probably underestimated due to asymptomatic lingual tyhroids. Some Authors reported having found ectopic lingual tissue in % 10 of 200 consecutive necropsies. In the literature, approximately 400 cases of symtomatic patients have been reported

Diets that boost ketone production are increasingly used for treating several neurological disorders. Elevation in ketones in most cases is considered favorable, as they provide energy and are efficient in fueling the bodys energy needs.Several physiological and pathological triggers, such as fasting, ketogenic diet, and diabetes cause an accumulation and elevation of circulating ketones. Complications of the brain, kidney, liver, and microvasculature were found to be elevated in diabetic patients who had elevated ketones compared to those diabetics with normal ketone levels. Diabetic ketoacidosis is an acute metabolic complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. Hyperglycemia causes an osmotic diuresis with significant fluid and electrolyte loss. DKA occurs mostly in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). It causes nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain and can progress to cerebral edema, coma, and death. DKA is diagnosed by detection of hyperketonemia and anion gap metabolic acidosis in the presence of hyperglycemia. Treatment involves volume expansion, insulin replacement, and prevention of hypokalemia. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a rare yet potentially fatal hyperglycemic crisis that can occur in patients with both type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Due to its increasing incidence and economic impact related to the treatment and associated morbidity, effective management and prevention is key. Elements of management include making the appropriate diagnosis using current laboratory tools and clinical criteria and coordinating fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte replacement through feedback obtained from timely patient monitoring and knowledge of resolution criteria. In addition, awareness of special populations such as patients with renal disease presenting with DKA is important. During the DKA therapy, complications may arise and appropriate strategies to prevent these complications are required. DKA prevention strategies including patient and provider education are important. This review aims to provide a brief overview of DKA from its pathophysiology to clinical presentation with in depth focus on up-to-date therapeutic management.

Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of education and exercise on the quality of life among adults with chronic renal disease (CRD) on hemodialysis post-intervention (4 and 8 weeks). Methods: An evaluative true intervention approach was used. An ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethics committee. A random sample of 150 patients (75 in intervention and 75 in control group) with CRD receiving dialysis was selected based on the inclusion criteria. The intervention group received interactive education and supervised exercises. RAND health-related kidney disease QOL (KDQOL) questionnaire was used. Results: Mean scores for the Kidney Disease and general QOL sub-scales among the intervention group were higher and statistically significant (p<0.01) compared to the control group. Conclusion: Education and exercise was shown to have a positive effect on the physical and mental health among the adults.

The Transferrin is an iron ion transport protein with a biological function that is important to avoid toxic effects due to high intra and extracellular iron ion concentrations. The cellular protective function attributed to transferrin, especially to the germ and support cells (Sertoli cells), is due to its possible antioxidative function exerted together with another protein linked to iron metabolism, ferritin. Seminal transferrin (ST) is an isoform of plasma transferrin, abundant in seminal fluid, secretory product of Sertoli cells (80%)p.