Diabetes type 2 is considered one of the most common chronic and non-infectious diseases that ranks third following cardiovascular diseases and cancer. It has complications that make risks for health of persons and associated with economic burden for individual and community levels

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications pose a major global threat to both patients’ and countries alike. Strategies to improve DM control are highly sought after, especially in developing world countries which bear the brunt of the diabetes pandemic.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder affecting the insulin production and resistance of the human body. Type I-DM commonly affects children and has a high genetic disposition. Type II-DM develops more commonly in adults and is heavily related to the overall health of the person. Risk factors for diabetes include obesity, stress, and environmental factors such as arsenic, mercury, BPA, and phthalates. Other factors such as gender and race are out of one’s control. 10.6% of women and 13.6% of men in the US suffer from diabetes. Men are more likely to develop diabetes from weight gain, while women are more likely to develop it due to stress. The cause of diabetes depends on the type, there are genetic alleles for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) known to be involved in causing diabetes. These include HLA-DR3-DQ2, HLA-DR4, and DQ8. Ultimately all forms of diabetes result from either the decreased production of the anabolic insulin hormone, or from increased insulin resistance.

The most common and most serious diabetic emergencies in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) individuals are diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic (HH) state or hyperosmolar non-ketotic hyperglycaemia. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state is a serious condition caused by extreme hyperglycemia in T2DM. HH is usually characterized by extreme elevations in serum glucose level and hyperosmolality in individuals with no significant ketosis. These metabolic disturbances are the result from synergistic factors mainly insulin deficiency as well as increased levels of counter regulatory hormones viz. glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and other growth hormone. Wolfram Syndrome (WS) or DIDMOAD syndrome (Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes Mellitus Optic Atrophy and Deafness) is a rare genetic disorder to be known. DM is typically the first symptom of WS and onset is usually at the age of 6 years. A diabetic coma is a life-threatening and fatal diabetes complication that causes unconsciousness in long term T2DM patients. The severe conditions of both hypo- or hyper- glycemia may cause diabetic coma. Here we are describing the brief about Diabetic emergencies lead to coma and unconsciousness.

The 5th ASPED-ISPAD Diabetes Academy is an initiative by the Arab Society of Pediatric Endocrinology (ASPED) in collaboration with International Society of Pediatric and Adolescence Diabetes (ISPAD) and is exclusively sponsored by Lilly, Gulf, and UAE. The 5th ASPED/ISPAD Diabetes academy was held on 11-13 April, 2019 in Muscat, Oman. The course was accredited with 12 CME hours, by the Omani Pediatric Society. It targets young healthcare professionals in the field of pediatric endocrinology and diabetes with a primary focus on actively supporting training and education in the region. An expert faculty panel from both ISPAD and ASPED from 11 different countries selected candidates following a competitive enrollment process, announced on each organizations respective websites. This year 67 candidates were accepted (out of 117 applicants) from 15 countries (figure/photo). The curriculum is delivered in three main formats; plenary, workshop and debate sessions. The plenary sessions covered novel therapeutic approaches, diabetes emergencies, use of technology in diabetes management, comprehensive diabetes care, dietary challenges, monogenic and rare types of diabetes, psychology and patient empowerment, obesity and type hyperlipidemia in children. In workshops, the focus was on research methodology, clinical cases, nutrition, psychology and technology within smaller groups, which provided a forum for candidates to present either a diabetes research project or unique presentation of a clinical case. Winners selected by the steering committee members presented in the final plenary session. This intensive 3 days course has consistently aimed and successfully provided a concrete educational platform for seamless exchange of clinical and scientific information. This has contributed to improvement of care and outcome for children and youth with diabetes in the ASPED region.