With the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), biological risk factors, such as hyperglycemia, are a major public health concern in Bangladesh. Optimization of diabetes management by positive lifestyle changes is urgently required for prevention of comorbidities and complications, which in turn will reduce the cost. Diabetes had 2 times more days of inpatient treatment, 1.3 times more outpatient visits, and nearly 10 times more medications than non- diabetes patients, as reported by British Medical Journal. And surprisingly, 80% of people with this so called “Rich Mans Disease” live in low- and middle-income countries. According to a recent study of American Medical Association, China and India collectively are home of nearly 110 million diabetic patients. The prevalence of diabetes in this region is projected to increase by 71% by 2035. Bangladesh was ranked as the 8th highest diabetic populous country in the time period of 2010-2011. In Bangladesh, the estimated prevalence of diabetes among adults was 9.7% in 2011 and the number is projected to be 13.7 million by 2045. The cost of diabetes care is considerably high in Bangladesh, and it is primarily driven by the medicine and hospitalization costs. According to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, in 2017 the annual average cost per T2DM was $864.7, which is 52% of per capita GDP of Bangladesh and 9.8 times higher than the general health care cost. Medicine is the highest source of direct cost (around 85%) for patients without hospitalization. The private and public financing of diabetes treatment will be severely constrained in near future, representing a health threat for the Bangladeshi population.

The results presented here was derived in analyzing the data collected in investigating 900 adults from both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh to identify some of the socioeconomic variables responsible in discriminating obese disable adults from adults without this health problem . The sample contained 29.5% obese adults and 8.3% of them were disable. Level of obesity was significantly associated with different types of health hazard including disability. Obesity disability was predominant among females, illiterate persons, and physically inactive persons, high income group of persons and in diabetic adults. The most responsible variable for prevalence of obesity disability was level of body mass index followed by prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and illiteracy, and non-involvement in physical labor. These variables were identified by discriminant analysis.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is being evaluated in laboratory research for its benefits as an antioxidant and immunity booster, as well as for its properties to prevent tumors and cure diabetes. The vast spread of Noni in tropical region of the globe, from America reaching to Africa and Southeast Asia, contributed in enhancing its usage and potency due to the diversity in harvest zone. Noni parts comprise fruits, seeds, leaves, and flowers are being used for individual nutritional and therapeutical values. Nevertheless, the fruit is widely characterized to contain the most valuable bioactive substances. On the other hand, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular disorder impacting the small blood vessels in the retina, which includes microaneurysms, retinal hemorrhages, and hard exudates results from prolonged exposure to high blood glucose levels. The anti-diabetes effect of Noni extract and juice has been examined but the beneficial role of Noni and its potential mechanisms against the development of diabetic retinopathy phenotype is still ambiguous. This review, therefore, will discusses in details the pharmacological actions of M. citrifolia fruit, along with their isolated phytochemical compounds on diabetic retinopathy markers, through describing the conducted in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical data.

Madhumeha is a disease known since ancient times to the mankind, its upsurge is quiet alarming. On the basis of its symptomatology Madhumeha can be correlated to the features of Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, & protein characterized by hyperglycemia with or without glycosuria. It is associated with long-term potentially catastrophic effects on almost all systems of the body. Ayurveda can provide better management for Madhumeha without hazardous side effects. In Ayurveda, Madhumeha has been described as one among one of the 20 types of Prameha and is a sub-type of Vatika Prameha. In the former type the patients are usually asthenic can be correlated with Type I DM and in the latter type patients are obese and can be equated with Type II DM. Nishakatakadi Kwath has been mentioned in Sahasrayoga under Kashaya Prakaran for Prameha Chikitsa, Nishakatakadi Kwath is being used widely for the treatment of Madhumeha in Kerala. That is why Nishakatakadi Kwath has been selected for the present study. In this study to study various clinical symptoms of madhumeha with special reference to Diabetes Mellitus II. To compare efficacy of Nishkatakadi Kwath with Metformin in the management of Madhumeha, To observe any possible adverse effect of Nishkatakadi kwath if reported during the study. In the present study Trial and Control groups comprising 30 patients each of Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus type II) were treated with Nishkatakadi kwath with tab metformin and Tab Metformin alone respectively. This study shows that both the drugs NISHKATAKADI KWATH with metformin are more effective than METFORMIN in Madhumeha to reduce symptoms and patients score.

The antidiabetic effects of crude methanolic extracts of the leaf and twig of Loranthus micranthus was evaluated in Wister rats. To assess this, data were obtained for the determinant parameters of diabetic complications. Streptozotocin was administered for induction of diabetes; diabetic state was confirmed by persistent hyperglycemia (FBG = 300mg/dl) at 72 hours post induction. Invitro inhibitory activity on a- amylase and a-glucosidase was assayed. Serum insulin, TNF-a, Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG, atherogenic index, liver glycogen and glycated haemoglobin were evaluated. Histology of the pancreas was assessed. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of unique compounds in both extracts. In-vitro assay showed inhibitory effects of both extracts on a-amylase and a-glucosidase activity. Hyperglycemia was controlled in both extract-treated groups comparable to glibenclamide. Weight loss after diabetic induction was ameliorated in extracts treated groups; serum insulin level of the extracts-treated and glibenclamide treated-group were higher than the diabetic control group. Serum TNF-a level of extracts-treated and glibenclamide-treated groups were significantly lower than the diabetic control group. Glycated haemoglobin levels of diabetic control group were higher than the extracts treated and glibenclamide group. Dyslipidemia observed in the diabetic control group were ameliorated in all extract-treated groups; atherogenic index of diabetic control group was higher than extracts-and-glibenclamide treated groups. Histopathological assessment showed that the leaf and twig extracts of Loranthus micranthus may possess ß cell regenerating activity. Findings from this study suggest that the leaf and twig extracts of Loranthus micranthus ameliorate symptoms and complications of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats.