This paper presents the application of the Weighted Residuals Method, specifically the Least Squares Method, to solve the steady-state one-dimensional heat conduction problem in a slab with thermal conductivity linearly dependent on temperature. The proposed solution, a fourth-degree polynomial derived over the domain, demonstrates notable accuracy despite its simplicity, as evidenced by the RMS error of 0.0014328220965349. Additionally, if higher accuracy is desired, the Method of Weighted Residuals allows for the incorporation of more subdomains and the use of higher-degree polynomials.

Managerial implications and practices are changing with the digitalizing era. Especially with the adaptation of leaders to digital transformation, digital leadership style is an important change tool for businesses. Digital leadership can be expected to have an impact on employees positive attitudes and behaviors. For example, showing more creative performance and managing problems and processes with an innovative approach can be considered as exemplary behaviors of employees. In this case, what is important is how employees will react to the changing leadership style. Commitment to change as a personal resource is assumed to have an influence on this association. Within this context this study aims to investigate the mediating role of commitment to change in the effect of digital leadership on creative performance. Survey method was chosen for data collection in this study. The data gathered by convenience sampling method from 288 employees working in five-star hotel establishments were analyzed with SPSS and SmartPLS-SEM. The results revealed that digital leadership effects creative performance and commitment to change positively and commitment to change has a positive effect on creative performance. In addition, within the scope of the main purpose of the research, it was determined that commitment to change has a mediating role in the effect of digital leadership on creative performance. Based on the findings, the results are interpreted and suggestions for future research are presented at the end of the study.

Quality education commences from the preparation of the school and learning materials during the Brigada eskwela. For it kick started the learning process by proving the learners with a conducive learning environment and adequate learning materials through our teachers and school administrators. This study then described the lived experiences of the teachers in the conduct of the brigada eskwela 2024. Particularly, it focused on their experiences considering the adequacy of resources used and the community involvement. Also it presents the total viewpoint of the teachers on their involvement in the Brigada eskwela. The research used the Phenomenological Approach as it deals with personal experiences of the participants and were analyzed using the methods of thematic analysis. Findings revealed that with the inadequacy of resources that were used, teachers would always resort to themselves when support from the community and the school is not sufficient. Furthermore, the presence of community in the accomplishment of the tasks laid out shows unity and willing help from the people. Also, it found out that with all the hardships they have experienced, the success of Brigada Eskwela 2024 was nothing compared to it. In addition, teachers could not have this success without the eagerness of the community to support in all kinds. Finally, it is recommended that studies on viewpoint of schools bigger group of teachers will be conducted to provide more local based perceptions on the conduct of brigada eskwela.

This study aims to analyze the suitability of the sharing economy or partnership system implemented by PT Gojek Indonesia with the principles of Islamic contracts. With a qualitative approach, this study collected data through documentation and in-depth interviews. The results of the study indicate that all sharing economy activities at PT Gojek Indonesia are carried out electronically and are considered valid within the framework of Islamic contract law. The partnership agreement between PT Gojek and the driver is identified as a musyarakah contract, with a profit sharing of 80% for the driver and 20% for PT Gojek. Additional bonuses for drivers who achieve certain targets are included in the jialah contract. In addition, transactions between customers and PT Gojek are categorized as ijarah contracts, namely the provision of wages for services. In the initial stage of ordering through the application, a wakalah contract occurs where the driver acts as a representative. This study concludes that the sharing economy system implemented by PT Gojek Indonesia is generally in accordance with the principles of sharia economics.

Educational challenges continuous to grow; thus, school management and leadership should transcend through times. This study explored the insights and perspectives of the eminent school leaders in basic education regarding their experiences influencing their leadership approaches, values, and practices. Five seasoned and eminent school leaders participated in a semi-structured interview, which was thematically analyzed and interpreted. Based on the analyzed data, two themes were central in the discussion: (1) Commitment to Lifelong Learning and Professional Growth; and (2) The Transformative Power of Leadership Qualities. The study revealed that the school leadership approaches and practices are shaped by a deep commitment to lifelong learning and professional growth. Furthermore, the school heads believed that the positive values and behaviors in leadership can have a transformative impact to the school community and the people in it. Hence, there should be targeted leadership programs for new school heads in the basic education to further boost their leadership competence.

The Village Fund program in Indonesia is designed to improve rural economic development, including agricultural productivity. However, its role in reducing the cost of rice agricultural production is still less explored, especially in the local context. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of village funds in reducing the production cost of rice farming in Bicak Village, Mojokerto, Indonesia. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines survey data, in-depth interviews with 68 farmers, and financial analysis, the study provides a comprehensive assessment. The results show that the construction of farming roads and the construction of irrigation canals using the budget from the Village Fund have significantly increased the net income of farmers by 26%, several components of farming costs have decreased, namely labor, land cultivation and the use of agricultural equipment (water pumps), another impact is that land rental costs have increased because access to agricultural land is getting easier and smoother. It was concluded that the Village Fund can effectively support cost-effective rice farming, and the right allocation of resources is very important. Future programs should prioritize transparent fund management and training for farmers. This study provides new insights into the intersection between rural development policies and agricultural cost management.

Rheumatoid arthritis, a common chronic disease that may lead to severe obstruction, requires early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, and disruption of regulation in the cytokine network plays a crucial role in the development of this disease. Understanding the role of cytokines can have a significant positive impact on the lives of patients, as technological advances have allowed the introduction of customized treatments targeting cytokines, such as anti-TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 drugs. In addition, there is increasing interest in the potential participation of interleukin-18 and interleukin-10 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This study aimed to measure interleukin-18 and interleukin-10 in the serum of rheumatoid arthritis patients to enhance the detailed understanding of the balance of cytokines in improving the diagnosis and treatment processes and how these cytokines affect the course of the disease and considered potential strong vital indicators of rheumatoid arthritis. The study was conducted with 70 patients of rheumatoid arthritis who reviewing the rheumatoid rheumatic disease unit at Marjan Hospital in Babylon province. All patients were diagnosed with the disease by a rheumatologist, and 40 healthy people as control group in the study. Serum cytokine levels were measured using an ELISA kit. The results of the study showed increased serum levels of Interleukin-18 (p< 0.05) and Interleukin-10 (p< 0.05) were significantly higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to the healthy control group. studys results indicate that patients with rheumatoid arthritis have elevated serum levels of both interleukin-18 and interleukin-10 compared to the healthy group.

This study investigates "gay lingo" as a form of code-switching among educators in junior high school classrooms in the Philippines. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, it explores the experiences of six educators at the Tangan Integrated School in Barangay Datalbukay, Glan, Sarangani Province, Philippines. Through interviews, the study examined how educators use this linguistic strategy to enhance student engagement, facilitate communication, and promote a positive learning environment. Findings showed that "gay lingo" fosters collaboration, leadership, and conflict resolution among students, resonating with their social dynamics and cultural contexts. Educators reported that flamboyant language captures students attention and makes lessons more relatable and enjoyable. This study highlights the complexities of language use in educational settings, emphasizing the need for teachers to navigate cultural sensitivities while addressing language barriers. The research contributes to understanding code-switching as a pedagogical tool, advocating for its thoughtful application to improve academic outcomes and student interactions in diverse classrooms. The findings suggest a re-evaluation of language policies in education to embrace inclusive linguistic practices.

This study aims to describe the structure and social cognition contained in the lyrics of the song White Hair. So that listeners of the Javanese song can know in depth what meaning is actually conveyed by the author through the song. This research uses the critical discourse analysis approach by Teun Van Djik to analyze data from the lyrics of the song Rambut Putih by NDX AKA. The results showed that there are 3 structures in the lyrics of the song Rambut Putih, namely: 1) macro structure that shows the theme of the song is support for Presidential Candidate Ganjar Pranowo, 2) superstructure that shows schematic elements that explain the full support for presidential candidate Ganjar Pranowo, 3) micro structure that shows semantic, syntactic, stylistic elements that show the lexicon "sat-set", and rhetorical elements of Rambut Putih song lyrics that show an invitation to support presidential candidate Ganjar described by the word White Hair. In social cognition, it was found that the knowledge aspect shows the authors experience of feeling betrayed by the previous leaders promises that were not kept. Furthermore, in the aspects of opinion and attitude, it is shown that the author thinks that if he chooses the White Hair, he will get happiness because his work is one-set, fast, and clear.

The release of carbon dioxide emissions by manufacturing companies is a significant cause of climate change that has adverse impacts on human life, affecting economic, socio-cultural, and human health aspects as well as national sovereignty. Therefore, addressing climate change is necessary by considering business ethics through corporate social and environmental responsibility. The objective of this study is to explore the handling of climate change through social and environmental responsibility in Indonesia. This legal research can be answered through normative legal research. The findings suggest that addressing climate change through social and environmental responsibility by companies includes carbon offsetting, organic waste management, and increasing awareness among the community and employees on environmental sustainability.

The aim of this study is to shed light on a relationship that has not been explored until now. This is the relationship between the world of Islamic finance that of AI, and the debt embedded in the ex nihilo monetary creation system induced by bank loans with riba. As a result, by making excessive use of AI under the pretext of the need to adopt disruptive innovations that generate exponential growth, Islamic finance feeds this system. This raises a paradox: Islamic finance, which is reputed to be riba-free, uses AI, which feeds on riba, to grow exponentially in a context of chip war between the United States, China, and Europe that intensifies day by day. This cognitive trap into which Islamic finance has fallen also applies to Islamic economics. The reason is that AI, as well as finance and economics, could not be part of the debt system if they were not disembedded from society by disintegrating traditional social structures. Hence the importance of the quadriptych rizq, waqf, ma?ash, and ?umran, which opens the field to local practices that create social connections, and help people live better. It is then a question of using AI to satisfy local needs when necessary, and not to increase the power of digital giants through a race for stock market capitalization, which artificially inflates profitability. Against this backdrop, investors may demand clearer monetization roadmaps, which could burst the AI bubble.

The number of injuries that occur in the educational environment, but not all teachers are able to provide first aid and handle injuries appropriately, so that injuries that occur can become worse and can cause recurrence. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge of the RICE method and exercise therapy on injury management in MGMP PJOK SMP in Cilacap Regency. This research is a quantitative descriptive research with data collection using a survey. The population in this study were junior high school PJOK teachers in Cilacap Regency, Central Java, totaling 164 people from 74 junior high schools. Calculation of sample size using the Slovin formula and with incidental sampling techniques, so that the sample needed in this study was 116 respondents. This research instrument is a questionnaire that has been tested for validation and reliability test obtained a Cronbach alpha value of 0.862. Data analysis was carried out in the form of percentages. The results of this study indicate that the level of knowledge of the RICE method and exercise therapy on injury management in the MGMP PJOK SMP in Cilacap Regency with the highest frequency is in the less category at 37.07%. The level of teacher knowledge regarding injury management with the RICE Method and Exercise Therapy at MGMP PJOK SMP in Cilacap Regency which is categorized as very good is 8.62%, good 18.97%, sufficient 34.48%, less 37.07% and very less 0.86%. So it is concluded that the level of teacher knowledge of the application of injury management with the RICE method and exercise therapy in MGMP PJOK SMP Cilacap Regency is lacking. Suggestions for further research are able to compare Cilacap Regency data with other districts or cities.

This study aimed to develop and validate Pre-Calculus Electronic Instructional Module (PEIM) that is intended to innovate instruction and encourage learner engagement at the senior high school level. This descriptive developmental research used the ADDIE model which involved five phases: Phase I-Analysis; Phase II-Design; Phase III-Development; Phase IV-Implementation; and Phase V-Evaluation. During the initial phase of the study, the least mastered competencies in Pre-Calculus were identified and became the basis for the development of the material. It also revealed that students encountered challenges in learning independently, receiving limited teacher support, feedback delay, lack interactive elements of module, lack of motivation and limited access to resources. Thus, the PEIM is designed to be published online and available offline to ease access during remote learning setups and for learners using electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, or personal computers with the help of Kotobee Reader. It features innovative and interactive elements including the following: AI text-to-speech, video lessons, graphics, animations, and interactive activities. Students and expert validators were purposefully selected to evaluate the developed e-module. The PEIM attained “Passed” ratings on content, instructional, and technical qualities. Pre-calculus teachers, mathematics experts, and students evaluated the PEIM as “Very Satisfactory.” The study further revealed that students performed better in Pre-Calculus after the implementation of the PEIM. The designed electronic modules are acceptable, recommended, and enhance achievements while providing a positive learning experience for students. Thus, PEIMs are recommended to be reproduced and implemented as one of the learning resources in Pre-Calculus for SHS students.

The comparative study between William Wordsworths “Tintern Abbey” and William Butler Yeats “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” has been made in the paper based on the theoretical points of view of psychoanalysis and ecocriticism. The poets were born and brought up in two different periods. Wordsworth (1770-1850) belongs to the Romantic Age and Yeats (1865-1939) to the Modern Age—the first one wants to live on his past memories while the second one longs for his roots of Irish indigene. Every memory, either sad or happy, grows on an event of life that feeds the troubled mind later years with some retrospective feelings and emotions. Both of the poets have chosen two ingredient elements of romanticism—escapism and nostalgia—to make a sojourn of utopia through romantic recollections staying into two different worlds of romance and reality. Writers of the Romanticist or of the Modernist ideologies, like Wordsworth and Yeats, try to escape to an ideal world either in childhood and adolescent past or in the landscape of serene beauty. The poems we have chosen deal with the romantic worlds of recollections where the writers wish to escape from the troubled materialistic worlds of din and bustle. Being repeatedly disappointed with the mundane life of change and progress, cruelty and corruption, love, distrust and hatred, and above all, continuous fight for livelihood both Yeats and Wordsworth want to flee to their bygone days of sweet memories; Yeats longs for fleeing to the countryside of Ireland, his place of birth, and Wordsworth to his child memories. We have tried a little bit to analyze their nostalgic feelings and emotions through the thematic discussions of the selected poems from psychoanalytical and ecocritical points of view.

This study was conducted to develop an interactive e-module as a teaching material to enhance students critical thinking skills. Therefore, a preliminary study consisting of a literature review and field study was necessary. The teaching material developed is an Interactive E-Module for science learning. The purpose of this study is to analyze the need for teaching materials in the form of an Interactive E-Module for Science Learning in Phase D to improve students critical thinking skills. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach. The data collection instruments include a teacher needs analysis interview questionnaire, a student needs analysis questionnaire, and the average critical thinking skills score. The results indicate that the average critical thinking skills score is relatively low, with an achievement percentage of 43.55%. While 95.6% of students have a textbook for learning, 53% of them stated that the textbook is insufficient as a learning resource. Additionally, 67.3% of students expressed the need for additional learning materials that can support learning activities and be easily understood independently. These findings highlight the necessity of developing an Interactive E-Module for science learning to enhance students critical thinking skills.

This study investigated the effectiveness of combining brain-targeted teaching (BTT) and content schema (CS) in teaching critical reading in one of a private universities in Indonesia. The design was quasi experimental to investigate the effectiveness of combining BTT and CS. The sample was 60 students. The instrument was critical reading test. The data was analyzed by using inferential statistics both pair t-test and independent t-test. The result showed that (1) there is significant different effect before and after taught by combining BTT and students CS (2) the combining BTT and CS is effective. This finding encouraged other teachers to implement combining BTT and CS as one of the teaching strategies.

Algebra serves as a foundational pillar in Mathematics education. This study sought to explore students levels of anxiety, difficulty, and performance in Algebra. It also determined the significant relationship between anxiety, difficulty and performance in Algebra of Grade 8 students, and identify which independent variable/s singly or in combination predicts the students performance in Algebra. This study utilized a descriptive-correlational and causal design with documentary analysis. Survey was conducted at the selected public high schools within the Schools Division of Bukidnon, Municipality of Malitbog. The 108 student-respondents were selected using proportional random sampling through Slovins Formula with 5% marginal error and 95% confidence level. The researcher used a self-made 5-point Likert scale questionnaire that was validated and pilot-tested. The data collected were analyzed and interpreted with descriptive statistical tools like Frequency and Percentage, Mean and Standard Deviation, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Linear Regression. Results revealed that students levels of anxiety and difficulty were Very High but there was a moderate negative correlation between anxiety, difficulty and students performance. Assessment anxiety, problem-solving skills, and application to real life were negative predictors of students performance in Algebra. Thus, peer support systems, mindfulness, and fostering a positive classroom culture can be made to action to alleviate anxiety and difficulty have higher students performance in Algebra.

Wang Jianguo and He Ziran (2014) proposed that Chinese and English show pragmatic differences in their emphasis: Chinese emphasizes process, while English emphasizes outcomes. Consequently, English translations often convey meanings that are implicit in or exceed those of the original Chinese text. Based on this observation, this paper hypothesizes that many comparative adjectives or adverbs in English translations originate from positive (base form) adjectives or adverbs in Chinese, or sometimes have no corresponding Chinese adjectives or adverbs at all. By examining the sources of “better” and “further” in the English version of the 20th National Congress Report, this paper confirms this hypothesis, enhancing our understanding of Chinese-English pragmatic differences and providing insights for similar Chinese-English translation research and practice.

The study focused on parental child rearing practices and senior secondary school students academic performance in Agricultural science in Cross River State, Nigeria. One research question and hypothesis was formulated to guide the study, and relevant literature were reviewed. An ex-post facto research design was adopted, which made use of a sample of 2,960 senior secondary school students in public schools in Cross River State. Two (2) research instruments were employed to collect data namely; A 20-Item modified 4-likert scale questionnaire and (2) Test on Agricultural Science. The data analysis technique adopted was one – way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance, and the result revealed among others that, parental child rearing practice showed significant influence on senior secondary school students academic performance. The researchers recommended that parental/caregivers should be encouraged to adopt democratic style of child rearing practice than autocratic authoritarian or laisser-fair style.

The study was carried out to determine the instructional planning and performance assessment related pedagogical competencies required of Office Technology and Management (OTM) business education graduates from public universities in South South Nigeria. Two specific purposes, two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. Descriptive survey research design was used. The population of the study comprised two hundred and thirty-two (232) Business Educators (110 males and 122 females) in 13 public universities in the study area, out of which eight (8) are owned by the Federal Government and five (5) by state governments. The entire population was used because of its manageable size. The instrument for data collection was a 4-point rating scale questionnaire developed by the researchers. The instrument was validated by three experts and was further tested for reliability using Cronbach Alpha method. It yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.73. Data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while t-test statistic was used to test the research hypotheses at 0.05 confidence level. Results indicate that instructional planning and performance assessment related pedagogical competencies are required of OTM business education graduates. Also, there were no significant differences in the mean ratings of male and female respondents on the instructional planning and performance assessment related pedagogical competencies required of OTM business education graduates respectively. It was recommended, among others, that institutions offering OTM business education programme should inculcate in their students these pedagogical competencies and provide ample support and resources to enable the students acquire these competencies adequately so that they can be more effective in instructional delivery and performance assessment.

This paper examines the evolution and current state of US-Japan defense and security cooperation under Joe Bidens presidency. Building on the historical alliance between the two nations, the Biden administration has emphasized strengthening partnerships to address emerging regional and global security challenges. Key focus areas include countering Chinas influence in the Indo-Pacific, enhancing defense capabilities, and fostering multilateral cooperation. The research highlights the achievements and challenges of this bilateral relationship, offering insights into its implications for regional stability and global security.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is one of the linguistic studies that seeks to reveal the meaning of a discourse in depth. One of them is about hyperbole speech in short story literary works that have a connection with everyday life. The purpose of this research is to explain: (1) The form of hyperbole speech in the discourse of short story anthology Suro Agul-Agul by Narko Sodrun Budiman, (2) Social criticism of hyperbole speech in the discourse of short story anthology Suro Agul-Agul by Narko Sodrun Budiman with Norman Faircloughs AWK. This study is a descriptive research with critical discourse analysis method used to explain hyperbole speech as a form of social criticism in the discourse of Suro Agul-Agul short story anthology. Norman Faircloughs AWK steps are (1) textual dimension analysis, (2) discursive analysis, and (3) social practice dimension analysis and social criticism is sought. The research data sources are 23 stories in the anthology of short stories Suro Agul-Agul by Narko Sodrun Budiman that contain hyperbole speech. The data collection method uses listening and note-taking techniques. The data that has been collected is then recorded and classified on data cards. The data analysis of this research is divided into data reduction, data classification, data presentation, interpretation and conclusion based on Norman Fairclougs AWK approach. How to validate research data using semantic validity and intrarater reliability. The results of this study are (1) the form of hyperbole speech in the discourse of the short story anthology Suro Agul-Agul by Narko Sodrun Budiman, namely (a) as a political reality, (b) as an economic reality, and (c) as a socio-cultural reality, (2) Social criticism of hyperbole speech in the discourse of the short story anthology Suro Agul-Agul by Narko Sodrun Budiman using Norman Faircloughs AWK, regarding political reality, namely that there are still many political practices of “reciprocity” in the government, Then about the economic reality related to money, namely money can control a persons life and cause envy in life, besides that low-income people tend to look for shortcuts to get rich. Then the last social criticism regarding the social reality of culture is about the people of East Java who are accustomed to swearing in various situations and Javanese people who often make parables to describe the situation.

The national and global reality is complex; the problems linked to economic development and social are marked by constant crises and profound changes (globalization, demography, technological revolution, persistent social hiatuses that impact the governance of nations) that modify the structure of society, and the relationships established between its members transforming their customs and consequently their values. The accentuated pluralism, the weakness of beliefs, ethical emotivism, moral relativism and immanentism in our culture are predominant factors that explain the permanent crisis of values in which we live. Shared values are key to success, the main initiatives of any organization how permanence and its growth can crumble when there is a lack of cultural alignment and strategic in relation to the transcendent Good and human goods. In this sense, the lack of unity in the direction, management and educational actions in an organic manner has as its causes the diversity of cognitive representations of those who collaborate in an institution that is the product of environments, experiences and education received in a global context of postmodernity that perverts moral behavior (MacIntyre A.1987), generating different motivations that stimulate their behavior, as well as the diversity of needs and goals that move them. On the other hand, the lack of unity in goals has the consequences of persistence in the collaborators of diverse assessments about the institutional mission and vision, thereby favoring the prevalence of diverse interests, the dispersion of efforts and the variation of results. The shortage or loss of objective references to identify the goods that favor human growth has strengthened an emotivist culture in society.

This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to examine the profile, job motivation, job satisfaction, work commitment, teaching competence, personal and social qualities, and productivity levels of faculty members in instruction, research, and extension. The study further analyzed the relationships between these variables, excluding faculty profile in the correlation analysis. Findings revealed that faculty members exhibited high levels of motivation, demonstrating initiative, enthusiasm, and a willingness to take on additional responsibilities. Their motivation contributed to a positive workplace environment, benefiting both colleagues and students while potentially reducing faculty turnover. Faculty members also reported high job satisfaction, indicating strong engagement in their responsibilities, which enhanced their workplace performance and interactions with colleagues. Satisfied faculty members exhibited greater dedication to achieving institutional goals and objectives. Regarding work commitment, faculty members displayed strong dedication to their tasks, fostering teamwork, transparency, open communication, and ethical practices. Their teaching competence was also found to be high, demonstrating proficiency in subject matter, effective classroom management, and the ability to plan, communicate, and assess student progress efficiently. Personal and social qualities among faculty members were rated very good, reflecting their ability to build strong professional relationships, maintain a positive attitude, and adapt to their environment. These qualities encompassed both technical and soft skills, such as communication, emotional intelligence, and leadership. In terms of productivity, faculty members were highly productive in instruction, ensuring quality education that met industry and workplace demands. They were also productive in research, demonstrating competence in conducting studies and fulfilling research responsibilities. Similarly, their productivity in extension activities indicated active community engagement, knowledge-sharing, and partnership-building with industries and stakeholders. Correlation analysis revealed that only personal and social qualities significantly influenced productivity in instruction. However, productivity in research and extension was significantly related to job motivation, job satisfaction, work commitment, teaching competence, and personal and social qualities. The study concluded that faculty productivity in research and extension was influenced by multiple factors, while productivity in instruction was primarily affected by personal and social qualities. Recommendations included participation in training, seminars, and workshops to enhance motivation, satisfaction, commitment, teaching competence, and research and extension capabilities.

This research examines the impact of temporary fiscal policies on the financial performance and market dynamics of firms listed on Vietnams stock exchanges. By utilizing panel data spanning from 2018 to 2023, the study applies econometric methods, specifically a fixed-effects regression model, to explore the connections between fiscal stimulus measures—such as tax benefits and government subsidies—and corporate indicators, including profitability, stock price fluctuations, and investment behavior. The results demonstrate that temporary fiscal policies positively influence corporate profitability, stabilize market dynamics, and promote reinvestment, with export-oriented industries and larger firms benefiting the most. These findings provide evidence-based insights for policymakers to optimize fiscal interventions and ensure sustainable economic growth in emerging markets like Vietnam.

This study aims to analyze the learning style needs of students in physics learning at stage F through the development of Simplebooklet in physics learning. The research approach used is a descriptive method with data collection techniques through questionnaires, interviews, and observations of students. The results of the study showed that students have diverse learning styles, including visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles. The results of the analysis need the development of Simplebooklet, which presents interactive multimedia content based on text, images, videos, and animations to improve understanding of Physics material more effectively. Thus, the development of Simplebooklet in learning Physics can increase student engagement and facilitate better understanding according to their learning style.

This study focuses on the validation of Augmented Reality (AR) development instruments for teaching Earth and Solar System concepts in junior high school. AR technology is increasingly being utilized in education to enhance student engagement and improve conceptual understanding. The research employs the ADDIE development model, which includes five stages: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The validation process involved expert reviews and field trials with students and teachers. The results indicate that the developed AR learning media is valid and effective, with an Aikens V value of 0.85, demonstrating high reliability. The use of AR significantly enhances students comprehension of abstract concepts, motivation, and learning interest. The findings suggest that AR-based learning media can be an effective tool in improving students academic performance. Further research is recommended to expand AR applications to other subjects and conduct broader evaluations to maximize its potential in educational settings.

This study aims to analyze social transformation and its impact on the welfare of the community in Labuan Bajo, East Nusa Tenggara. Labuan Bajo is one of Indonesias super priority tourist destinations, renowned for its natural beauty, known as the Island of a Thousand Sunsets and Komodo National Park. The approach used is qualitative, involving observations and in-depth interviews with informants. Social capital significantly influences the community in Labuan Bajo, as they utilize social capital for mutual assistance and cooperation based on trust and the sharing of positive information. The community also demonstrates motivation that fosters innovation. Thus, community innovation is closely correlated with the motivation they possess in achieving their welfare.

Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, the most frequent among women, and the leading cause of cancer death in females globally. Aim: This study aims to examine the pattern of breast cancer in patients who presented to the oncology department at Benghazi Medical Center (BMC) from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2023. Patients and Methods: The study is a descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional analysis. Data were collected from 100 breast cancer patient records at BMC, selected from a total of 1,472 registered cases. Patients included in the study had confirmed diagnoses of breast cancer by histopathology. (Adding pictures from Al Noon Laboratory). Results: Out of 100 breast cancer patients registered at the oncology department, 90 were from Benghazi, and 10 were from outside the city. The majority (45%) were aged 40 to 49. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common type, found in 89% of cases. Among these, 47% were in Grade II, and 56% were in Stage II. Positive estrogen receptor status was observed in 93% of cases, while 53% had positive progesterone receptor status. Additionally, 78% of patients were negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and 30% had a Ki-67 level between 10-25%. Conclusions: Most breast cancer cases at BMC were from Benghazi. The highest frequency was in the 40-49 age group, with most cases being invasive ductal carcinoma, HER2 negative, ER positive, and PR positive, and predominantly in Grade II and Stage II.

Hypertension (HTN), is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide, and remains a public health challenge due to low compliance with therapeutic regimens. This study evaluated the therapeutic regimen compliance amongst hypertensive middle-aged adults in Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines. Using a cross-sectional research design, data were collected from two hundred eighty-five hypertensive individuals aged 45-60 years. A survey instrument, the Hill-Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale was used to gather the data of the respondents. The findings of the study discovered that about 92.6% of the respondents unveiled very high compliance with their prescribed treatments for hypertension, while only 7.4% showed high compliance, with none demonstrating low or very low compliance. The statistical investigation has shown that there is no significant association between therapeutic regimen compliance and its demographic features such as age, sex, civil status, or educational accomplishment. Also, the study concluded that compliance in their therapeutic regimen in this population is exceptionally high, and unaffected by demographic factors, and recommends reinforcing current healthcare practices to uphold these outcomes.

this study aims to determine the influence of the learning environment and digital literacy on social studies learning outcomes. The research method used in this study is a quantitative method with an ex post facto type. The data collection technique uses questionnaires and documentation, with prerequisite tests, namely normality test, linearity test, multicollineity test, and heteroscedacity test. The hypothesis test uses Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, F test (Simultaneous), T test (Partial), and determination coefficient. The population in this study is 80 junior high school students in grade VIII. The results of the study obtained are a significant level of 0.001<0.05, and a t-value of 12.598 which exceeds the t-table 1.991, so it can be concluded that the learning environment (X1) has an influence on learning outcomes (Y). A significant amount of 0.001 < 0.05 and the calculated t value is 11.106 which exceeds the t table of 1.991. It can be concluded that digital literacy has a positive impact on learning outcomes in students and X1 and X2 simultaneously on Y is 0.001< 0.05 and the F value is calculated at 14,340 > F table3.12,so it can be concluded that there is a positive and significant influence together between variables X1 and X2on variable Y.

Computer labs play a significant role in higher education institutions all around the world. In Afghanistan, students of public universities face poor economic situations and cannot activate internet packages or obtain wired or wireless connections from internet service providers. These connections are essential for improving their skills, performing research, completing assignments, and accessing online resources. As a result, the majority of students use faculty, library, or Information Technology Center computer labs for these activities. All computer labs in the four central public universities are designed and implemented using thick client technology. While thick clients have high initial costs, weak security, consume more power, require higher cooling costs, and are difficult to maintain due to the lack of centralized management. This study aims to understand that why public universities use thick client technology in their computer labs and to identify the challenges associated with designing and implementing thin client technology in computer labs. Semi-structured questions were asked from 30 individuals employees of the mentioned universities by using interviews, focus groups, and observations. The findings show that nearly 87% of the targeted population were unaware of thin client technology, while 13% were familiar but they had concerns about thin client such as a single point of failure, poor procurement policy, lack of staff, the unfamiliarity of students and staff, misunderstanding of the structure, and fear of failure of new technology implementation. These concerns were the main factors preventing them from designing and implementing thin client technology for computer labs.

Leadership in academic institutions plays a pivotal role in shaping organizational culture, fostering commitment, and upholding ethical standards. In the field of Medical Laboratory Science, where precision, integrity, and adaptability are paramount, effective leadership is essential to navigate evolving educational and professional demands. This study assessed the triple functions of academic leaders—focusing on institutional leadership, organizational commitment, and ethics in the workplace. Specifically, it explored the demographic profiles of respondents, their assessment of institutional leadership across various domains (e.g., professional development, curriculum development, community relations), organizational commitment, and personal and organizational ethics. Additionally, it examined significant differences based on demographic variables and relationships among the three focus areas. The majority of respondents (94.2%) were faculty members, with balanced gender representation (50% male and female). Most held a bachelors degree (85.6%) and had less than five years of service (87.5%). Assessment findings revealed strong confidence in institutional leadership, particularly in professional development and curriculum enhancement. However, results also highlighted moderate organizational commitment, with respondents expressing reservations about policies but pride in their organizational membership. Ethical practices, both personal and organizational, were rated highly, with emphasis on honesty, respect for diversity, and avoidance of favoritism. Significant differences in institutional leadership assessments emerged based on institutional affiliation, educational attainment, and years of service, whereas organizational commitment and ethics were consistent across demographics. Institutional leadership exhibited low correlation with organizational commitment but a moderate correlation with ethics in the workplace. Findings underscore the need for tailored leadership development programs, strategic improvements in organizational policies, and strengthened ethical frameworks. These insights aim to enhance leadership effectiveness, organizational commitment, and ethical standards in academic institutions.

The Cooperative Development (Coop Dev) Project, spearheaded by the Bachelor of Science in Cooperative Management Program of the Mariano Marcos State University - College of Business, Economics and Accountancy (BSCMMMSU-CBEA), in partnership with the Philippine Rice Research Institute – Batac Branch (PhilRice-Batac), was established with the goal of empowering the Zanjera Sto. Niño Agriculture Cooperative (ZSNAC) in Barangay Bugasi, Banna, Ilocos Norte by providing development interventions to the human resources of the agriculture cooperative such as technical assistance and capacity building activities which include trainings, seminars, and workshops to enhance their knowledge and strengthen their skills on intellectual capacity, governance, and management to achieve efficient and effective operations and performance for long-term survival and sustainability. The Coop Dev Project was regarded as very much relevant to the ZSNAC, PhilRice – Batac Branch and the BSCM-MMSU-CBEA. The project was able to empower the officers, employees and members through the different capability enhancement trainings and activities. It strengthened and enhanced their knowledge and skills in governing the operations and managing the business endeavors of the cooperative, including their democratic control and decision-making abilities. For the PhilRice-Batac, the project is considered as very much relevant because it serves as an arm to capacitate the cooperatives on organizational building to successfully help the cooperatives manage and operate as agro-enterprise ventures. The project is very much relevant to the BSCM program of MMSU-CBEA because it serves as an arm of the university to achieve one of its seven-point agenda which is high impact and transformative extension and outreach program. Specifically, the project helps the BSCM program to accomplish its program outcome of establishing strong linkages and partnerships with local cooperatives and related agencies in the formulation and implementation of development programs. The relevance of the extension project lies in the capacity to empower the human resources, promote inclusivity, and foster sustainability of the agriculture cooperative. To ensure the sustainability of the Coop Dev Project, its implementation is reflected in the approved 2024-2028 CBEA Research and Extension Development Agenda (CREDA) to continue assisting and helping cooperatives in the province for developmental needs. Lastly, the Coop Dev project recommends continuous support to the agriculture cooperative by providing assistance and other developmental needs, continue to establish a strong partnership with PhilRice-Batac Branch to help and assist other cooperatives in the province, continue to generate information, education, and communication (IEC) materials with ISSN, and to undergo impact assessment.

Teachers well-being and attitude on integrating students with special needs education (SNED) are essential for the smooth operations of equitable, high-quality education. This study sought to investigate the degree of well-being and disposition of teachers toward integrating SNED students into regular classes, to ascertain whether the qualities of the teachers and their well-being significantly correlate and to identify which of the teachers well-being singly or in combination anticipate the attitude of the teacher(s) concerning SNED students being included in regular classrooms. In this study, a descriptive-correlational and causal research design were employed. A researcher-made questionnaire that underwent validity and reliability testing was utilized to gather the data needed from the one hundred twelve (110) respondents from Bulua National High School, Cagayan de Oro National High School, and Lapasan National High School, the three (3) major secondary institutions in the Cagayan de Oro City Division. This investigation employed ANOVA T-Test, Multiple Linear Regression, Frequency, Percentage, Mean, and Standard Deeviation as statistical tools. The findings showed that teachers are primarily between the ages of 41 and 50, with bachelors degrees, with 8-10 years of service, predominantly in the Teacher I position. Majority was able to participate in 10 or more days of relevant training. Teachers have good emotional well-being. Length of service has moderate positive correlation with teachers mental well-being while physical well-being is a predictor of teachers attitude concerning the integration of SNED learners. Thus, teachers need to always foster positive attitude to SNED learners to sustain their well-being as part of inclusive education.

A nutritive strategy aimed at preventing, slowing, or halting the pathogenesis of disease represents a hopeful avenue that has garnered extensive research attention. A significant body of epidemiological evidence indicates that dietetic intake may play a pivotal part in the beginning and advancement of Alzheimer Disease or Alzheimer Dementia (AD). Modifiable environmental factors contributing to AD include potential metabolic disturbances arising from dietetic deficiencies or excesses, which may be addressed through nutritive subjoining or dietetic adjustments. Numerous nutritive subjoining encompass a variety of fitness advancing components, such as free-radical scavengers, vitamins, trace minerals, carbohydrates, and lipids, which may possess unique MOA that influence cytological well-being and rebirth, declining or especially target infectious routes involved in the progression of AD. The implementation of nutritive modifications is advantageous due to their cost-effectiveness, ease of application, social acceptability, and general safety, with minimal adverse effects in most instances. A wide range of nutritive interferences has been explored and continues assessed in the quest to identify effective additives, combinations of additives, or dietetic changes that can aid in the precaution and therapy of AD. This evaluation emphasizes some important nutritive complexes and dietetic transformations that have been examined in human populations, while also discussing the rationale for their potential benefits in the prohibition and management of AD.

Reading proficiency is a critical skill impacting academic success, comprehension, and critical thinking. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the reading proficiency of Indigenous People (IP) learners of Opol Districts Schools for the School Year 2024-2025. It sought to describe the respondents profile, find the respondents level of reading proficiency, and determine the significant relationship between the respondents level of reading proficiency and each of the respondents profile. In this study the respondents were one hundred fifty-two (152) Grade 3 IP learners with a margin error of 8% using Slovins formula and a stratified sample to get the appropriate number of respondents in every school. This study used descriptive -qualitative research design, and a researcher made questionnaires and reading proficiency tests based on the Grade 3 English curriculum guide. Statistical tool such as means, standard deviation, and Pearson-r were applied to interpret the data on the level and significant relationship between learners profile and reading proficiency. The findings indicate that the overall reading proficiency level of the Grade 3 IP learners was in Satisfactory while learners demonstrated a good understanding of phonics, phonological awareness, vocabulary, and comprehension, significant challenges were observed in fluency. The study found no significant relationship between respondents profile and reading proficiency, except for a weak positive significant relationship between parents and occupation and reading proficiency highlighting the need for better resources and collaboration. The Study concluded that culturally sensitive and individualized approach to education is important, considering the diverse learner profile. The findings recommended on providing ongoing professional development opportunities for teachers on effective strategies for teaching Indigenous learners reading fluency, developing materials in local help learners learn both languages, and integrating regular and targeted fluency practice into daily lessons.

This article discusses the creative industry side of Janger Banyuwangi performing arts concerning innovation, creation, and information technology that have implications for improving the family economy. The research method used is qualitative with an ethnographic approach. The ethnographic approach is implemented through activities such as watching Janger performances and understanding them in historical, sociological, and cultural contexts. The material object is Janger Banyuwangi performing arts, while the formal object is focused on the creative industry side with the basis of discussion using creative industry theory. The study results show that traditional arts, in the context of the development of the times, need to innovate and adapt. The development of the Janger creative industry needs support from technology and media and response to audience tastes. Modern technology in sound systems, lighting, and even multimedia has improved the quality of performances and provided a more enjoyable experience for the audience. The use of digital platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok has become an important strategy for the Janger groups to expand the reach of their audience and promote their performances. With innovation, creativity, and information technology, Janger Banyuwangi performing arts can improve the quality and quantity of audience responses and the economy of Janger performers families.

The accrued benefits of crude oil production in Nigeria does not thrive without its destructive effects on the entire ecosystem of Niger Delta, and particularly in Akwa Ibom State. Hence, this study assessed the attitudes and coping strategies of cassava farmers toward oil spillage in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was adopted in selection of 240 registered farmers as respondents Primary data was obtained through interview scheduled and questionnaire administration. Data collected were analysed and hypothesis tested using descriptive statistics and Z- test respectively. The majority of the respondents adopted backyard farming (95.83). The result also showed that some respondents also adopted greenhouse farming and off – farm activities or businesses (72.50% and 53.33%) respectively. The result of the respondents on the attitudes of cassava farmers toward coping strategies showed that respondents strongly agreed that backyard farming save cost and readily accessible with ( mean score = 4. 41). The respondents further agreed to the fact that mixed cropping increases the output of many arable crops per season (mean score = 4.03). The Z- test calculated of (186.46 and 77.37 with Z-value of 2.39) respectively showed a significant difference in the output of cassava produced in the study area with non- oil spilled communities recorded higher output. Based on the above findings, the study recommends that: Cassava farmers are to engage in multiple cropping, early maturing crops, green house and intensive farming to supplement the output of cassava. Other farming systems such as sack crop production, intensive greenhouse farming, backyard farming and livestock production should be encouraged.

The history of modern Islam in Egypt is a story of great transformation that combines the heritage of Islamic civilization with contemporary social, political, and cultural dynamics. In this article, we analyse the development of modern Islam in Egypt through two main theoretical frameworks, namely the Historical Theory of Islamic Civilization and the Theory of Islamic Law. Using these two theories, this article seeks to examine how the influence of classical Islamic civilization interacted with the changing times, as well as how Islamic law was understood and applied in a modern context. The study reveals that despite the significant changes that Egypt has undergone, its firmly held Islamic identity remains an important foundation in the countrys social and political development.

The Teochew Chinese have established their presence in Vinh Chau (Soc Trang Province) for over three centuries, evolving into a dynamic community that values numerous cultural dimensions intrinsic to the Teochew heritage. Nonetheless, the simultaneous existence of the Vietnamese and Khmer populations introduces significant challenges to the maintenance of these traditional cultural values. This scholarly article is predicated on the theoretical framework that posits the interplay between language and culture as a catalyst for the metamorphosis of various cultures through mechanisms of cultural exchange and acculturation. Employing a qualitative research methodology that encompasses in-depth interviews along with a thorough examination of relevant documents, materials, and scholarly articles, this study seeks to elucidate the determinants that influence the language selection of the Teochew community in Vinh Chau, Soc Trang Province. Through this investigation, we aspire to analyze, assess, and propose strategic recommendations for the preservation and enhancement of the Teochew language within the broader Chinese cultural milieu.

The study used the descriptive design to determine the demographic profile, educational background, trainings, and advanced studies attended after college, and employment information, including their suggestion to improve the curriculum of the BSCM program of BSCM graduates from SY 2013-2014 to SY 2017-2018 as bases for developing an information database. The study found out that majority of the graduates of the BSCM program are females, single, and living in the municipalities. In terms of educational background, majority of the respondents were coming from Batch 2016 and followed by Batch 2017; received no honors; possessed skills in personal relations; and Civil Service professional exam passers. In addition, it was found out that the reasons for choosing BSCM as a course in college include the availability of course offering in chosen institution, prospect of immediate employment and prospect for career advancement. Majority of them did not attend training or higher education. Among those who attended trainings, professional development and promotion were the main reasons. Along employment information, all the respondents are employed and majority of them are in the private sector and gained employment locally. Most of the employed graduates have permanent/regular employment status and have rank or clerical positions. Majority of them are employed in whole and retail trading and non-food manufacturing businesses. Majority of the respondents receive salaries between Php5,001 and Php 15,000.00. The graduates indicated that salaries and benefits is the reason for accepting and staying in their jobs. Majority of them stayed in their employment for three to four years. They found their employment as a walk-in applicant, recommended by someone, and information from friend. Moreover, the graduates were able to find their employment from one to six months after graduation. The study also found out that majority of them stayed in their employment for one to six months before deciding to change their first job. Salaries and salaries were the main reason of changing their jobs. To improve the BSCM program, it was suggested that students should be involved in the managerial and operational aspects of the cooperatives during their OJT; provide more time to conduct for cooperative research; improve the Laboratory Cooperative; deployment of students in medium and large cooperatives during OJT; encourage to attend more capacity enhancement trainings and activities; include more units in accounting, cooperative banking, and finance. The study recommends that an orientation for graduating students should be held to inform them of the significance of the graduate tracer and to encourage them to take part in its conduct; the curriculum for the BS cooperative management program should be revised based on the suggestions of the respondents; strategies that will improve graduates skills and knowledge to make them employable in cooperatives should be incorporated; the program outcomes should be reviewed and revised as needed to ensure that graduates are employable in cooperatives in the locality and other provinces; and the tracer study should be carried out from SY 2018-2019 to SY 2022-2023.

The challenges of the global energy crisis and the commitment to reduce carbon emissions support Indonesia and the United States in collaborating in the renewable energy sector. Implementing this bilateral cooperation requires the support of international development agencies with adequate technical and funding capacity. This study aims to analyze the strategic role of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in facilitating Indonesia-United States renewable energy transition cooperation for the 2019-20224 period, as well as to identify several factors that influence the effectiveness of foreign aid programs in supporting energy diplomacy. This article uses a qualitative descriptive method to analyze reference data from Scopus database journals and Harzings Publish or Perish. Data analysis used Nvivo14 and VOSviewer to design findings across the collected references. This study found that USAID has contributed through two leading roles, namely as a facilitator of the development of a regulatory framework that produces supporting policies for the energy transition in five major industrial fields and as a coordinator of capacity-building programmes that can help the technical and managerial capabilities of stakeholders in the development of renewable energy projects, especially in Indonesia. Related to the various forms of programmes designed, it can be run significantly from several small and medium-scale renewable energy pilot programmes of 35% during the research period. There are 12 groups formed in cross-field technical working groups that are active in developing standards and guidelines for implementing the renewable energy transition.

This study aims to explore the primary data of speech and describe in more detail the form of language politeness used by students in speaking when interacting with teachers in the context of teaching and learning conversations through the WhatsApp application. This research focuses on analyzing all utterances used by students that are included in the principles of language politeness based on Leechs General Strategy of Politeness theory. The research approach used is qualitative approach with explorative descriptive method. In collecting data, this study used the listening method with explorative recording technique, documentation technique, and note-taking technique as well as unstructured interview method. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive analysis method. The data of this research is in the form of students written speech in WhatsApp. The result shows that based on the students data, there are a total of 321 data utterances which are divided into seven forms of language politeness utterances included in the theory of language politeness by Leech (2014), namely generosity maxim 1 utterance, tact maxim 3 utterances, modesty maxim 7 utterances, obligation maxim (of S to O) 297 utterances, obligation maxim (of O to S) 5 utterances, agreement maxim 4 utterances, feeling reticence maxim 4 utterances.

Personalized learning is an inevitable trend in the Industrial Revolution 4.0, helping learners develop according to programs that suit their individual needs and abilities. In Vietnam, the application of technology to personalized learning still has many limitations in that traditional teaching methods are still popular, teachers have not been trained in-depth in educational technology, and the learning management system (LMS) has not reached the optimal level. In addition, the technology infrastructure is not synchronous, the ability to exploit data in assessing learning costs is still low, and the gap in technology proximity between regions is still a major barrier. This study analyzes the implementation of technology research applications in personalized learning in Vietnam, points out the main formulas and offers solutions to improve teaching effectiveness.

The aim of this research is to find out how Physical Education facilities and infrastructure are managed to improve the quality of Physical Education learning at SMPN Sambaliung District (Sambaliung Junior High School), Berau Regency. The learning process is influenced by the management of infrastructure, if the management of infrastructure is good it will make it easier to achieve a Physical Education goal. The research method used qualitative study with an observation and interview approach, using observation sheets in the form of observations as a data collection tool to record results and surveys at schools. The sample selection method used purposive sampling. The data analysis used descriptive data with statistics that was used to analyze data by describing or illustrating the data that had been collected as it was without intending to make general conclusions or generalizations. The results of this research indicate that the management of educational facilities and infrastructure is carried out quite well so that educational facilities and infrastructure can be utilized optimally and improve the quality of learning. Planning is conducted through a series of stages based on considerations of needs analysis, priority scale, fund allocation, and time. The process of procuring educational facilities and infrastructure is classified based on type, for example building procurement is done by constructing a new building and for furniture it is carried out by purchasing. Arrangement of educational facilities and infrastructure includes an inventory carried out by the administration department and then distributed to each department that needs it. After that, the use of infrastructure is regulated by a schedule that has been prepared by the management to avoid usage conflicts. Furthermore, the removal of facilities and infrastructure is carried out to avoid the accumulation of items that are no longer used by the school. The removal of facilities and infrastructure is carried out through a series of processes.

This research examines netizen hate speech on Kaesang Pangareps Instagram account, which is analyzed using forensic linguistic studies. This research procedure produces descriptive data describing hate speech on Kaesang Pangareps Instagram column. The formulation of the phenomenon that occurs uses a descriptive approach to find out the language violations of netizens related to hate speech, which can become legal offenses. This research uses a forensic linguistic theoretical approach, focusing on pragmatic theory, because it is in the form of speech. Based on the nature and form of the data, as well as the objectives to be achieved, this research is descriptive qualitative. This type of research is library research. The research data comes from the comment section of Kaesang Pangareps personal Instagram account. The object of this research is the hate speech of Kaesang Pangareps Instagram column. This study found illocutionary speech acts in the hate speech against Kaesang Pangarep on Instagram. The illocutionary speech acts that appear in this study are commissive and expressive speech acts. The most dominant speech act is expressive illocutionary speech act. Of the 10 data analyzed, all of them contain expressive speech acts, and 1 data contains commissive and expressive speech acts. The utterances that appear in the comments are in the form of criticism and satire. The comments that appear express netizens anger toward Kaesang Pangarep and his family for practicing nepotism and violating ethical values in Indonesia.

In the digital scenario to develop, small businesses discover new ways to include digital marketing strategies to improve their involvement, development and brand visibility. This study examines the importance of digital marketing in brand growth for small businesses by working with marketing and search engine optimization (SEO) of social media. By checking the case study, industry trends and consumer behavior, this article shows how small businesses can use cheap digital platforms to compete with large companies. The study emphasizes the role of privatization, targeted outreach and data analysis in developing effective marketing strategies that create strong, sustainable brand identity “[8]”. In addition, it addresses challenges such as a lack of resources and the need for continuous adaptation to change digital trends. Conclusions provide action rich insights for owners of small businesses and digital abolitions, aiming to promote meaningful connections with the audience and achieve the success of a long -term brand.