Background: Retirees like every other person in the aging population are vulnerable to develop one form of non-communicable disease (NCDs) or the other. This study aimed to determine the factors perpetuating increase burden of (NCDs), morbidity and mortality rate among the retirees in Makurdi, Benue State. Method: The descriptive/cross-sectional research design was used for the study. Data was collected from retirees invited to attend a medical outreach held on the World Hypertension Day. A total of 118 retirees made up of 93(78.8%) males and 29(21.2%) females age 60-89-years old were participants who consented on request to provide the necessary information. Results: The findings showed retirees have knowledge of family history of NCDs, 42(36.6%), overweight 19(16.1%), and obesity 13(11%) based on their being informed by medical doctors. Lifestyle of smoking of tobacco 14(11.9%), excessive alcohol uses 55(46.6%), inappropriate diet 79(66.9%), family dysfunction/disconnectedness 31(26.5%), nonpayment of retirees emoluments 61(51.7%), high cost of drugs 69(58.5%) and lack of social support 70(59.3%) are contributing to perpetuate increasing burden of NCDs. morbidity and mortality rate of the retirees Conclusion: NCDs like diabetes and hypertension are common illness found among people but they can be effectively treated. However, retirees are constantly facing difficulties in the management of these diseases. Thus, government should make efforts subsidize the cost of drugs and as well prioritize the regular payment of retirements benefits and salaries to this segment of the aging population to help them meet their healthcare needs and reduce the prevailing morbidity and mortality rate from NCDs.

This article aims to analyze transformational leadership from the aspect of charisma and motivation in empowering the milkfish farming community in Pangkahwetan Village, Ujungpangkah District, Gresik Regency. The focus of this research is the charismatic aspect and the motivational aspect of inspiration in community empowerment. The data collection technique uses in-depth interviews for primary data and documentation for secondary data as an additional explanation of the data collected through in-depth interviews. The analysis technique used is content analysis, which is taken from a dataset derived from the research subject. The findings of this study are: (1) Charisma in Community Empowerment. The findings that the leadership example of the head of the Pangkahwetan community in leading the milkfish farming community as described above, is shown by setting an example of how to cultivate, encouraging each other to support each other in order to increase milkfish harvest. In the second stage, community empowerment is to reveal the past, where at this stage it is an activity to reveal the successes that have been achieved by a community; (2) motivation for Inspiration in Community Empowerment. The finding that the motivation and inspiration of a leader is reflected in the way he inspires the community he leads by providing understanding and challenges to achieve the vision. Conclusion that Transformational leadership is shown by charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individual consideration, public networks and facilitators can empower the community and community empowerment can be carried out in 6 (six) stages by transformational leaders. The current transformational leadership model (Existing Model) uses 4 (four) indicators, while the expected public leadership model (Expected Model) uses 6 (six) indicators in community empowerment.

Finding a fair balance between present needs and the rights of future generations is a fundamental ethical challenge caused by the increasing threat of climate change. Titled "A Sustainable Legacy: Navigating Climate Change Through the Lens of Intergenerational Justice," this paper delves into the complex connection between climate action and intergenerational justice, drawing attention to the moral duty of present-day societies to protect the social and environmental conditions that future generations will need to thrive. This paper offers a critical examination of the responsibilities of current generations in reducing climate risks and ensuring sustainability for future generations. It draws on ethical frameworks such as John Rawls theory of justice, the capabilities approach by Amartya Sen and the precautionary principle. This approach revolves around the idea of intergenerational justice, which states that we have an ethical obligation to ensure that future generations have access to healthy ecosystems, abundant natural resources, and a predictable climate. Using arguments from deontological and consequentialist theory, the article contends that the right to life, health, and wellbeing of future humans will be violated if we do nothing to combat climate change. Applying Rawls "veil of ignorance," the study shows that decision-makers would prioritize long-term environmental sustainability without knowing which generation they belong to, therefore promoting a fair allocation of risks and resources across time. Furthermore, the capacities approach lends credence to the moral imperative to combat climate change by stressing the importance of preserving fundamental human rights and opportunities, which are in grave danger from the effects of climate change. In addition, the report takes into account the precautionary principle, which states that strong climate measures should be implemented regardless of the level of scientific confidence, because failing to do so could result in permanent damage to generations to come. An everlasting dedication to sustainability as a foundation of justice is highlighted by this confluence of ethical theory and environmental governance. Modern climate policy, global accords such as the Paris Accord, and the inadequacy of present economic systems in addressing environmental consequences over the long run are all examined in the article. It argues that political and economic systems are too focused on the here and now to think about the planets long-term viability. By combining policy analysis with ethical discourse, the study urges national and international governing bodies to recast climate change as a justice concern, with obligations that go beyond generations. Finally, this study concludes that if we want to leave a lasting legacy, we must tackle climate change from an ethical perspective of intergenerational justice. In order to leave the earth habitable for generations to come, it says that our generation must put aside its narrow interests and enact comprehensive policies. In order to take ethical climate action, the report recommends rethinking society values with an eye on intergenerational equality and moving towards sustainable development and long-term climate governance.

This study explores the impact of transportation infrastructure on development and accessibility in Ibadans peripheral areas. As urban expansion continues, understanding how transportation systems influence daily commuting and development in these fringe areas is crucial. This research employs a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative surveys and qualitative observations, to analyze transportation patterns and their effects on residents. A structured survey was administered to a sample of 346 residents, with 325 completed responses providing a robust dataset for analysis. The survey aimed to assess transportation modes, accessibility, and the overall impact on development in the peripheral areas of Ibadan. Findings indicate that road transportation is the predominant means of commuting, with 39% of respondents using private cars or motorcycles, 30% relying on minibuses or taxis, and approximately 25% trekking daily. This highlights a reliance on road networks and the varying transportation options available to residents. Water transportation, though present, is limited and strictly regulated, operating between 6 a.m. and 9 p.m. with only two canoes or boats available at each end of the water routes. This restriction underscores the minimal role of water transport in daily commuting compared to road transportation. The data illustrates that while road infrastructure significantly influences accessibility and development in these peripheral areas, the limited and regulated water transportation has a negligible impact. These findings emphasize the need for continued investment in road infrastructure to support economic growth and improve accessibility in Ibadans peripheral areas. Future research should focus on evaluating the effects of infrastructure improvements on overall development and the potential for enhancing alternative transportation modes.

Speech disabilities are considered a core barrier to achieving effective communication, independence and social engagement, and therefore assistive devices are needed which are unconventional and fit a myriad of complex user requirements. Many people often have nonstandard speech and assistive devices usually do not cater to their needs hence their ability to use such devices gets compromised. This research suggests that deep learning techniques such as reinforcement learning and model founded approaches like BERT and GPT should be incorporated. Also, the scientists recommend a combination of feedbacks systems with real-time tailoring and individualization. Such integration can qualify individuals to use previously challenging semi-automated systems without restrictions. It provides that view of systems which uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) and generates users intent prediction alongside conversion of text to speech that sounds natural to the user. Considering the need for broader and inclusive solutions, the research discusses key issues of how to ensure cost-efficient and easy training of users in order to remove barriers to using assistive technologies. Through novel and sweeping changes, this research aims to further the understanding of how the autonomy and quality of life for people with speech disabilities can be greatly improved.

This study conducts an audience meaning analysis of communication events to enhance public awareness and preserve local cultural arts in the Ujungberung district of Bandung. The focus of the study is Seni Budaya Maja Community Radio, 107.8 FM. This research explores and analyzes the mechanisms by which individuals, groups, and listeners actively engage with the radio. Thayer s Communication Event Analysis (CEA) framework was used to explain the communication events. A case study approach based on a critical constructivist model was applied. Data were collected through focus group discussions (FGDs), in-depth interviews, field notes, and observations. The communication events centered around cultural art programs developed by the community radio managers. This process involved extensive individual contemplation and group interaction among local residents who shared similar interests and goals.The findings indicate that the audiences active participation in responding to and sharing information about the local cultural art programs significantly contributes to the success of these programs as broadcasted by the community radio.

The growth of internet penetration in Indonesia can also cause changes in the lifestyle of Indonesian people to become all-digital, one of which is in transacting using smartphones. Digital transaction payments refer to all types of payments using digital instruments which include mobile payments, electronic wallets, and so on. This study aims to analyze the adoption rate of QRIS payment methods in Bengkulu City from the perspective of MSME actors, study the behavioral factors of MSMEs that adopt QRIS in Bengkulu City and formulate recommendations that can be applied in the use of QRIS as a payment method by MSME actors in Bengkulu city. This study has a population of 707 business actors. The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires. The questionnaire was distributed to 256 respondents of MSME actors. The selection of respondent samples used the slovin method. Statistical analysis used by the Structural Equation Model (SEM) PLS. The results of the study show that perceived ease of use, trust and social influence have a significant effect on behavioral intentions and usage behavior. In addition, the adoption rate of the QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) payment method by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Bengkulu City has shown significant development in recent years. The recommendations that can be applied in the use of QRIS. Recommendations that can be applied in the use of QRIS among MSMEs, focusing on strengthening digital literacy, providing incentives and collaborating with various related parties. This recommendation is given to support the digital transformation of MSMEs effectively and sustainably. It is important to increase access to digital training which includes digital literacy and the use of payment technologies such as QRIS through online platforms or in-person training.

This study explores the impact of emotions on consumer decision-making in Lagos State, Nigeria, during an uncertain economic period. It uses primary and secondary data to examine how emotions like fear, anxiety, optimism, and trust shape consumer choices. This research also highlights how demographic factors and marketing strategies mediate the effects of uncertainty on purchasing patterns. These findings provide insights into consumer psychology and offer implications for businesses and policymakers operating in unstable markets. The study also highlights the role of resilience and the informal economy in moderating emotional responses. 500 questionnaires were distributed to the respondents surveyed, 316 completed questionnaires were returned, and 279 copies were found usable for the study, resulting in a response rate of 55.8. %. The research instrument showed high reliability and validity, with the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient = 0.7616. 7616. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, percentages, and t-tests. The findings indicate that fear and anxiety are the predominant emotions shaping consumer behavior amid economic instability, resulting in a preference for essential goods such as food, healthcare, and household items. Conversely, luxury and non-essential products were deprioritized, reflecting a more cautious approach to spending. In spite of the prevailing uncertainty, numerous residents of Lagos demonstrated a sense of optimism and resilience, often referencing their dedication to a "hustle" mentality. Additionally, trust emerged as a vital factor influencing consumer choices, with a marked preference for local brands and informal markets. These findings offer valuable insights for businesses and policymakers operating in volatile markets and shed light on consumer psychology.

This study explores the impact of Cyber-fraud Perception (CFP) on E-commerce Purchase Behavior (PBE), with a focus on the mediating role of Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC). Using a survey method, data were collected through questionnaire surveys, yielding 364 valid responses. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with 5,000 bootstrapping iterations was used to test the proposed hypotheses. The findings reveal that Cyber-fraud Perception directly and positively influences both Perceived Behavioral Control and E-commerce Purchase Behavior. Additionally, Perceived Behavioral Control acts as a mediator in the relationship between Cyber-fraud Perception and E-commerce Purchase Behavior. The research has contributed some theoretical and practical implications for e-commerce businesses.

In todays fast-changing world, technology has become an important part of teaching and learning. This study aimed to assess the digital orientation of teachers and their relationship with pupils learning performance. Specifically, it evaluated teachers access to technology, digital literacy, creative use of technology, and their perceptions. A correlational and causal-comparative design with documentary analysis was employed, targeting 154 teachers from two central schools which were selected through stratified random sampling. Data were gathered using a validated and reliability tested questionnaire and analyzed using Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Linear Regression. Results showed that teachers digital orientation and skill on creative use of technology have the most significant impact on pupils learning performance. Access to technology, digital literacy, and techno-centric perceptions showed no significant direct effect. The study concludes that the way teachers apply technology in lessons is more crucial than simply having access to it. It is recommended that continuous training programs be provided to enhance teachers ability to integrate technology effectively in the classroom.

Petanque is a sport that relies on a high level of shooting accuracy. This research aims to (1) determine the correlation between the levels of balance and shooting results; (2) find out the correlation between hand-eye coordination and shooting results; and (3) figure out the correlation between the level of balance and hand-eye coordination towards the shooting results of UNY petanque athletes. This research was a correlational study. The method was quantitative with multiple regression analysis. The data collection techniques were conducted by using a balance test using the standing stork test, a hand-eye coordination test using throwing and catching a ball, and a test for shooting accuracy using the FIPJP shooting game. The research subjects were 25 UNY petanque athletes. The research sampling method was a nonprobability or total sampling technique. The data analysis was conducted by using correlation analysis, multiple regression (F test), and classical assumption tests. Based on the results of this research, it shows that: (1) there is a significant correlation between balance and the shooting results of UNY petanque athletes with a correlation value of 25.8%, meaning that the correlation between the two variables is strong and has a positive correlation direction; (2) there is a significant correlation between hand-eye coordination and shooting results, for about 53.2%, meaning the correlation between the two variables is strong and has a positive correlation direction; (3) there is a significant correlation between balance and hand-eye coordination towards shooting results of 0.00 and an F-Calculated value of 41.420, F-Table at 3.42. It can be concluded that, Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, meaning that there is a correlation between the variables of the level of balance and handeye coordination and simultaneous shooting results.

Teachers nowadays, preparation are concentrated on the competences required of them to teach. Thus, it is paramount to assess the level to which teachers 21stcentury skills correlate to their effectiveness and resiliency. The objective of this study was to identify the teachers 21st century skills and its relationship to self-efficacy and resilience. It was conducted to one hundred-eleven (111) teachers from Kinoguitan District, Division of Misamis Oriental, School Year 2024-2025. The study employed universal sampling method. The study utilized the descriptive correlational research design and used an adapted questionnaire that undergone the validity and reliability test process. Mean, Standard Deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were the statistical tools used to interpret and analyze the data. The result revealed that teachers overall level of 21st century skills was at Highly Observed. Their overall level of self-efficacy was at High Level, and the overall level of resilience was also at High Level. The teachers 21st century skills significantly positively correlated with self-efficacy and resilience. It is recommended that teachers may maintain a high level of 21st century skills, self-efficacy, and resilience. In addition, school administrators could arrange trainings and seminars to improve problem-solving skills and critical thinking.

Objective: The aim of this study is to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the TiC-TiN-Al2O3 system nanocomposite [1,2 ] developed at Georgian Technical University. Method: The effect of vacuum annealing at various temperatures and durations on the cutting and wear resistance properties of the material was studied. The cutting properties were examined on a lathe, and wear resistance was determined using microscopic methods. Results: It was found that the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite slightly improved under the influence of annealing temperature and duration. In terms of wear resistance and cutting properties, improvements of 25-30% were observed. The optimal annealing parameters are as follows: temperature - 600°C, time - 60 minutes, vacuum pressure - 10-2 Pa. Conclusion: To enhance the wear resistance and cutting properties of the TiC-TiN-Al2O3 system nanocomposite, a study was conducted to investigate the effects of vacuum annealing at 1400°C and 25 MPa pressure. The results showed that annealing reduced the surface defects and residual stresses in the material, leading to significant improvements in wear resistance and cutting properties. Specifically, the wear width of the cutting edge on the tools back surface decreased from 0.43 mm to 0.29 mm, and the tools operational lifespan increased by 10-25 minutes, depending on the cutting speed.

Instructional supervision is a vital aspect of educational leadership, focused on enhancing teaching effectiveness and increasing student outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of teachers, the degree of instructional supervision, and the connection between the two. Using both descriptive and correlational research design, the study sampled 166 teachers from the three large schools in the first legislative district of Cagayan de Oro City and a validated two-part questionnaire to collect data was utilized. Statistical tools like Mean, Standard Deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were used. The findings showed that both the teachers efficacy and the level of instructional supervision were quite high. Teachers efficacy and instructional supervision were shown to be significantly, though weak, correlated. It can be concluded that instructional supervision can empower teachers, improve classroom practices and ultimately enhance students outcome. Thus, recommendations may include sustaining high-quality of instructional supervision, addressing gaps in instructional services, and providing tailored support and resources to teachers that they may maintain teachers efficacy.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between students engagement in TikTok and vocabulary skills to 127 students in the College of Teacher Education at Southern de Oro Philippines College for School Year 2024-2025. They were taken as respondents through Slovins Formula. This study employed correlational research design. The data was collected through an adapted survey questionnaire. Mean, Standard Deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were used to analyze the data. The results of the study revealed that students level of engagement in TikTok is high specifically on academic and entertainment use. Students vocabulary skills are also high, there is a strong positive correlation between students TikTok usage and their vocabulary skills. Thus, students are more engaged with TikTok in entertainment use than academic use. It is therefore recommended that educators may utilize platforms like TikTok to create engaging content, to encourage academic engagement among students. Transforming TikTok into an educational platform for the students to enhance vocabulary skills like creating educational videos and interactive tests.

The study "MTB-MLE as a Mode of Instruction and Pupils Academic Performance" investigated the positive impact of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) on grade three pupils in Naawan District during the 2023-2024 academic year. This study used a questionnaire to gather data and utilized a quantitative correlational method. The findings emphasized the importance of MTB-MLE integration in shaping language skills, cognitive abilities, socio-cultural awareness, and academic achievement. This study concluded that MTB-MLE positively affects language development, cognitive skills, socio-cultural awareness, and academic performance. It concluded that Academic performance in MTB is positively correlated to academic performance in Filipino, Math, and Science. The study advocated for sustained MTB-MLE implementation, stressing the need to consider cultural and linguistic backgrounds for inclusive education. Recommendations highlight ongoing adaptation of instructional methods for diverse pupil groups, ensuring adequate language proficiency and cognitive development, with a call for further exploration of challenges and preferences within distinct subject areas to refine educational practices.

This research investigated how students motivation to read correlates with their reading comprehension skills, focusing on first- and second-year students enrolled in the Education course, the Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) and Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) programs at Southern de Oro Philippines College for the School Year 2024-2025. The researchers employed a descriptive correlational research design with content analysis, along with a questionnaire to assess students intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for reading, and the Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (PHIL-IRI) to evaluate their comprehension skills across different levels: literal, interpretive, inferential, and critical. The study involved 96 students through a stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using Mean, Standard Deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Results showed that students have high intrinsic and moderate extrinsic motivation for reading. They performed best in understanding literal texts but struggled with critical comprehension involving higher-level thinking. Notably, a significant correlation existed between reading motivation and comprehension, indicating that while students were good at grasping basic information; however, they found it challenging to critically analyze and evaluate the material they read. The findings suggested that only extrinsic motivation like rewards positively associated with reading comprehension. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers may balance praise and grades with making reading enjoyable to improve motivation and comprehension skills.

Teachers must acquire new skills beyond traditional methods to equip students for the evolving job market and technology, particularly in Mathematics. This study aimed to determine the level of teachers global preparedness, learners Mathematics, and the relationship between the teachers global preparedness to the learners Mathematics performance. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design with documentary analysis. It utilized a universal sampling technique to get the 140 teacher-respondents. Descriptive statistical techniques such as Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were used to evaluate and interpret the data from a researcher-made questionnaire which was validity and reliability tested. Results showed that teachers global preparedness was Highly Prepared while the learners Mathematics Performance was registered High. Significant positive correlation was established between teachers global preparedness and learners Mathematics performance specifically with Learning and Innovation skills. It can be concluded that teachers and students alike, are globally competitive. Thus, it is recommended that continuous training programs aimed at enhancing students performance through global preparedness and specific interventions should be sustained.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between reading inspiration and pupils learning engagement for School Year 2024-2025. Specifically, it sought to answer the pupils level of the reading inspiration and their learning engagement. Moreover, it also wanted to check the significant relationship between the pupils level of reading inspiration and their learning engagement as well as on determining the independent variable/s that influenced the pupils level of learning engagement. The respondents of the study selected pupils (n=223) through simple random sampling with the aid of Slovins Formula, from three schools of North District II, Division of Cagayan de Oro City namely Bayabas Elementary School, Bonbon Elementary School, and Bongbongon Elementary School. Descriptive correlational and causal research design were utilized in this study with the use of an adapted and modified questionnaire that underwent validity and reliability tests. Mean and Standard Deviation, Pearson r and Multiple Linear regression analysis were the statistical tools used in this study. Findings revealed that pupils overall reading inspiration was at More likely inspired level. While their learning engagement was at More likely engaged level. Significant low positive correlation was registered between pupils reading inspiration and learning engagement and family support best influenced the pupils learning engagement. It was recommended that school heads, teachers, parents, and stakeholders must give more focus on creating programs that will further sustain or enhance further the reading inspiration and learning engagement of the pupils.

This study sought to determine the extent of the teachers discipline and learners behavior and find the significant relationship. This study employed the descriptive-correlational design and utilized an adapted questionnaire which was conducted to 150 teachers from the district of Laguindingan and Alubijid, under Misamis Oriental Division. Respondents were selected through purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics such as Mean, Standard Deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coeffic ent were used. Results showed that the extent of teachers discipline both preventive and therapeutic are high. Learners behavior either school related or environment related factor is moderately high. There is an inverse correlation of the teachers discipline and learners behavior which means that as the teachers discipline increases, learners negative behavior decreases. Thus, it is necessary for teachers to be aware and develop more skills to appropriately respond to learners behavior to achieve a conducive learning and teaching environment away from disruptions.

An investigation was carried out to synthesize and characterize potassium nanofertilizer in a green and environment-friendly way from stems and peels of banana (cultivar. Malbhog). In order to create a nanofertilizer extract from banana stem and peel, a specific amount of commercial-grade potassium hydroxide was added (4, 7, 10, 15, 20 g/kg specimen). A nutrient analysis of the extract from the stems and peels of bananas showed that as the amount of potassium hydroxide in the extract increased, the amount of macronutrients, micronutrients, and organic compounds also increased. The highest N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na contents in the stem extract were 0.70%, 0.55%, 5.10%, 1.83%, 2.10% and 1.90%, respectively, whereas in the peel extract, the highest N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na contents were 1.40%, 0.50%, 4.59%, 1.89%, 2.31% and 2.20%, respectively. Similarly, the highest Fe, Cu, Zn, B and Mn contents of the stem were 315.15 ppm, 4.80 ppm 0.31 ppm, 0.19 ppm and 6.60 ppm, respectively. The highest contents of the micronutrients Fe, Cu, Zn, B and Mn in the peel extract were 350.02 ppm, 5.10 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.20 ppm and 6.70 ppm, respectively. There was a significant quantity of organic compounds in the extracted fertilizer. Dynamic Light Scattering technique (DLS) revealed that the minimum sizes of the nanopotassium in the stem and peel extracts were 40.8 nm and 39.4 nm, with 43.59% and 100% intensities, respectively. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images contributed to the findings showing nanospherical structure, with the smallest size of the nanoparticles in the stem being 25 nm, and that in the peel extract being 18 nm

Conflict resolution has been one of the major challenges affecting the church in Nigeria with idealized influence being one of the best transformational leadership approaches that can be used to solve the problem. The aim of this research study was therefore to investigate effect of idealized influence on conflict resolution among church leaders of Nigerian Pentecostal churches in Abuja. The study used the pragmatism philosophy which is suitable for a mixed method research study that incorporated both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis methods. The study employed a correlational research design suitable for explaining the extent of the relationship between variables chosen for this study. From the total population of 3171 senior pastors, women leaders, and youth leaders, a sample size of 371 church leaders was obtained using the Taro Yamanes formula. Quantitative data was collected using closed-ended questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS software version 20 while qualitative data was collected using open-ended questions and analyzed for themes using NVIVO software version 14. Purposeful sampling design was used to select senior pastors, women leaders, and youth leaders who had taken part in conflict resolution. The results showed that there was positively correlation between idealized influence and conflict resolution (R=0.482). Further, the results showed that idealized influence contributed to 23.2 percent of conflict resolution among church leaders of Nigerian Pentecostal churches in Abuja. Further, the results showed a significance level of 0.000 which is lower than the recommended 0.05 making the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between idealized influence and conflict resolution in Nigerian Pentecostal Churches in Abuja to be rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted.

This study analyzes the impact of urbanization on income inequality in Vietnam using panel data regression methods, specifically applying the Random Effects Model (REM) and Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) to assess the effects of urbanization on income inequality. The dataset comprises information from 63 provinces and cities in Vietnam from 2013 to 2023, ensuring the studys feasibility and reliability by capturing diverse socio-economic characteristics. The estimation results indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between urbanization and income inequality. In the initial stages, urbanization increases income inequality; however, after surpassing a certain threshold, further urbanization helps reduce inequality. Based on these findings, the authors propose relevant policy implications to mitigate income inequality at different stages of urbanization across localities.

Optimization of vegetative growth and photosynthetic activity of Tejakula tangerine requires appropriate nutrition, which can be met with a combination of fertilization. This study aims to find a combination of fertilization packages between organic fertilizers, macro and micro fertilizers, mycorrhizal biofertilizers and probiotic POC fertilizers that can provide the best growth response and photosynthetic activity in Tejakula tangerine plants. The study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with one treatment factor of the fertilization package consisting of three levels, namely: 1. Organic fertilizer (Po), 2. Organic fertilizer + macro and micro fertilizers (Ph), 3. Organic fertilizer + macro and micro fertilizers + mycorrhizal biofertilizer + probiotic POC fertilizer (Pc). Each treatment was repeated ten times, so that 30 experimental plant units were obtained. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the fertilizer package treatment had a very significant effect on the variables of the increase in the number of primary branches and leaf color, and had a significant effect on the variables of the increase in plant height, increase in stem diameter, leaf thickness and leaf chlorophyll content, but had no significant effect on the variables of the ratio of leaf length and width, relative water content (RA) of leaves and the microclimate of the research site. The Pc fertilizer package affected the growth of Tejakula tangerine very significantly on leaf color (3.88 BWD units), had a significant effect on the increase in plant height (72.10 cm) and the increase in the number of leaves (1.211 strands) and provided the highest photosynthesis rate (4.97%).

Optimization of vegetative growth and photosynthetic activity of Tejakula tangerine requires appropriate nutrition, which can be met with a combination of fertilization. This study aims to find a combination of fertilization packages between organic fertilizers, macro and micro fertilizers, mycorrhizal biofertilizers and probiotic POC fertilizers that can provide the best growth response and photosynthetic activity in Tejakula tangerine plants. The study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with one treatment factor of the fertilization package consisting of three levels, namely: 1. Organic fertilizer (Po), 2. Organic fertilizer + macro and micro fertilizers (Ph), 3. Organic fertilizer + macro and micro fertilizers + mycorrhizal biofertilizer + probiotic POC fertilizer (Pc). Each treatment was repeated ten times, so that 30 experimental plant units were obtained. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the fertilizer package treatment had a very significant effect on the variables of the increase in the number of primary branches and leaf color, and had a significant effect on the variables of the increase in plant height, increase in stem diameter, leaf thickness and leaf chlorophyll content, but had no significant effect on the variables of the ratio of leaf length and width, relative water content (RA) of leaves and the microclimate of the research site. The Pc fertilizer package affected the growth of Tejakula tangerine very significantly on leaf color (3.88 BWD units), had a significant effect on the increase in plant height (72.10 cm) and the increase in the number of leaves (1.211 strands) and provided the highest photosynthesis rate (4.97%).

This study aimed to assess the teachers views and students feedback on the different approaches in teaching literature to Junior High school. A quantitative descriptive research design was employed in this study with the used of weighted mean, and standard deviation. Data were obtained from 8 teachers and 200 students of Junior Science High School in Siocon National Science High School, Schools Division of Zamboanga del Norte. Teachers very much preferred their approaches in language based, paraphrastic, information-based and personal response, while they have much preferred dealing with moral-philosophical and stylistic approaches to teaching literature. Moreover, students is very much preferred their feedback in language based, paraphrastic, information-based and personal response, while they have much preferred dealing with moral-philosophical and stylisticby the approaches employed by teachers in teaching literature. Generally, the students feedback is excellent in all the approaches employed in teaching literature.

Connectivity between regions in West Papua Province in particular and the eastern region of Indonesia is highly dependent on sea transportation, considering that land transportation is very limited, and the population is concentrated in coastal areas. Port development is one of the programs of the Masni Regency government to address the challenges of connectivity and regional development. Planning the design of a pier and wharf structure for a ship with a capacity of 1000 DWT was carried out because the majority of ships served in West Papua Province are ships with a capacity of 1000 DWT. This research was conducted by conducting hydro-oceanographic analysis, topographic and bathymetric analysis, and a detailed design of the pier structure. This research is expected to provide a detailed technical description for the local government in determining the construction of a technically and economically reliable pier. The findings will also serve as a valuable resource for ensuring safe navigation and efficient cargo handling in the region. Ultimately, the successful implementation of this project could enhance trade opportunities and foster economic growth for the communities in West Papua Province.

The Nigerian blue economy is considered new, owing to the fact that it has not been fully explored and developed. However, it shows huge prospects and potential that is capable of impacting the Nigerian economy in so many ways. Its sectors consist of fisheries and aquaculture, maritime transport and shipping, offshore energy, tourism and coastal recreation, marine biotechnology, maritime security, seabed mining, maritime and coast infrastructure, and also marine environmental service. Its prospects is demonstrated in economic diversification, employment opportunities, food security, renewable energy potential, enhanced maritime trade, and environmental sustainability. the opportunities it provides are numerous including expansion of maritime trade, fisheries and aquaculture development, offshore renewable energy, coastal tourism and recreation, job creation, maritime security services, and international collaboration. However, it brings challenges such as illegal maritime activities, inadequate infrastructure, environmental degradation, lack of policy and regulatory frameworks, overfishing and unsustainable practices, limited investment, inadequate skilled workforce, and security concerns. In its quest to attain sustainability, frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN SDGs), The Paris Agreement on Climate Change, The Green New Deal (Global and Regional), The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992), Sustainable Fisheries and Blue Economy Policies, and The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are further taken into consideration, which help in providing policy frameworks for different implementation. The methodology approach used is a systematic literature review

Renewable in Nigeria shows a huge potential with numerous prospects, however, it remains widely untapped considering its abundance. This research focuses on investigating exploring the renewable energy potential of the blue economy of Nigeria with emphasis on its significance and potential, opportunities as well as challenges. A systematic literature review has been used in gathering information from previous researchers. Types of renewable energy in Nigeria are solar, wind, hydropower, Geothermal Tidal and Wave Energy, as well as Biomass Energy. Its significance is demonstrated in energy security and reliability, employment opportunities and economic growth, diversification and energy mix, environmental sustainability, as well as cost savings and accessibility. Its opportunities are indicated in the different types of renewable energy presents in Nigeria. The challenges include inadequate infrastructure, high initial investment cost, regulatory and policy gaps, technical and skills labour, accessing finance, as well as public awareness and acceptance. The findings shows that renewable energy in Nigeria is abundantly available, but can only be explored if tapped into, taking into consideration, the right tools and policy and infrastructure. The potential and opportunities of renewable energy in Nigeria cannot be undermined. However, the challenges facing renewable energy can hinder its progress.

Rural development plays a crucial role in the overall economic growth and social stability of Meghalaya, a predominantly rural state in northeastern India, government schemes are instrumental in addressing socioeconomic challenges such as poverty, unemployment, and inadequate infrastructure. This study explores the role of various government initiatives in fostering rural development in the state, focusing on sectors like agriculture, education, healthcare, and infrastructure. The research highlights the implementation of Government schemes to enhancing livelihood opportunities, improving access to basic amenities, and promoting sustainable development practices in rural areas, and empowering rural communities. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the study also identifies gaps in policy execution, such as delays in fund disbursement, inadequate monitoring, and lack of community participation. It emphasizes the need for inclusive governance, capacity building, and stronger collaboration between stakeholders to maximize the benefits of these schemes.

Teachers effectiveness has proven to be the most influential school-related factors in students academic achievement, if a teachers quality is one of the pillars of success in education, it follows then that a serious teacher-evaluation system should be put in place mainly because the purpose of evaluation is to recognize, cultivate and develop good teaching process. A quasi-experimental design was adopted. The population of this study comprised of seven thousand, eight hundred and eighy-nine (7,889) secondary school teachers and students. However, Cohens t-test formula was used to determine a sample size of one hundred and twenty-six (126) respondents. The obtained data were analyzed using simple percentage (%) and Likert rating scale while the stated hypothesis was tested using Chi-square statistic. The findings of this study revealed that the different teaching methods used by the teachers of secondary schools in Awka North, Anambra State include students-centered method, discussion method and demonstration method of teaching with mean numbers above 3.0. It was also revealed that students-centered method of teaching can influence the academic achievement of the secondary school students by developing their autonomy, stimulating their thinking and learning abilities through asking questions, making them to participate fully in the learning process and as well by making students with prior knowledge on the topic to contribute among secondary school teachers and students in Awka North, Anambra State. Also, the result of the tested hypothesis showed that there is a significant relationship between teaching methods and academic achievement of secondary school students in Awka North, Anambra State. It was recommended in this study that the training of teachers on different methods of teaching for effectiveness of the content delivery; this will help the students to improve in performance.

This study aims to evaluate the management and utilization of elementary physical education facilities and infrastructure in Tanjungpandan District of Belitung Regency based on aspects of Context, Input, Process, and Product. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation methods. The results showed that the evaluation of the management and utilization of elementary physical education facilities and infrastructure in the Tanjungpandan District of Belitung Regency was 3.29 in the very good category. The results of the evaluation components are. (1) Contexs evaluation of management and utilization of facilities and infrastructure amounting to 3.23 (good). Indicators “physical condition of the school” of 3.13 (good), “needs and conditions of students” 3.13 (good), “education policy” 3.29 (very good), “availability of resources” 3.29 (very good). (2) Input evaluation of the management and utilization of facilities and infrastructure is 3.22 (good). Indicators of “human resources” 3.38 (very good), “physical facilities” 2.94 (good), “budget and funding” 3.34 (very good). (3) The evaluation process of management and utilization of facilities and infrastructure for Physical Education is 3.20 (good). Indicators “planning of facilities and infrastructure” of 3.06 (good), “procurement of facilities and infrastructure” of 3.33 (good), “utilization of facilities and infrastructure” 3.42 (very good), “maintenance of facilities and infrastructure” 3.16 (good), “evaluation and reporting” 3.04 (good). (4) Product evaluation of management and utilization of facilities and infrastructure is 3.50 (very good). Indicators “Effective and efficient management” of 3.09 (good), “Improved learning quality” of 3.63 (very good), “Improved physical and motor abilities of students” 3.63 (very good), “Character development and teamwork” 3.56 (very good), “Increased student interest and motivation” 3.58 (very good).

This paper looks at how teamwork affects how well Somtel Somalia does as a business. It focuses on whether good teamwork among workers leads to clear gains in productivity, efficiency, and success. The research uses a mix of methods, collecting numbers through thorough surveys that examine teamwork and performance, as well as personal insights from interviews with management and staff about their views on teamwork. This paper looks to study how teamwork affects performance in the organisation Somtel Somalia. It will focus on the main question of if good cooperation between employees brings about clear gains in productivity, efficiency, and overall success of the organisation. To tackle this issue, it will be necessary to collect quantitative data using surveys that assess teamwork interactions and performance indicators. Additionally, qualitative information will be gathered through interviews with both management and staff about their views and experiences of teamwork in the organisation. The results show a strong positive link between good teamwork practices and better performance indicators, like higher productivity and improved employee satisfaction. Importantly, the study points out that businesses that promote collaboration and clear communication not only enjoy better operational efficiency but also show greater resilience and adaptability in a competitive market. These findings are especially important in healthcare, where teamwork directly impacts service quality and patient care. The conclusions also carry broader implications for organisational strategies in many sectors, indicating that putting money into teamwork training and development could lead to significant performance improvements. Additionally, this study adds to current research by providing evidence that stresses the importance of teamwork as a key aspect of organisational success, pushing organisations to reassess and improve their collaborative practices for better performance results.

Isabela State University Ilagan Campus is equipped with services extended for students such as Office of Student Affairs and Services (OSAS), in collaboration with other departments, it operates through its various divisions. Different services are offered for the students aside from academic excellence as extension of providing quality education in tertiary level. These services are the front liners and served as a backbone to continuing progressive and development of the institution. This study was conducted to determine the level of awareness of students and extent of serviceability on Student Affairs and Services (SAS) programs and their significant relationship. The study used descriptive evaluative research design with 1,690 student respondents under 10 programs of Isabela State University-Ilagan Campus with 17 school services. Different tools were used to analyze the data gathered. This paper used Pearson Correlation Coefficient in determining the significant relationship of the level of awareness and extent of serviceability in all different programs. Results showed that general students are moderately aware of the services offered by the SAS programs. However, there are implications that need to be considered in the improvement of the various services. The result of the extent of serviceability of different services offered is evident that the school should implement service improvement plan. The students level of awareness and the extent of serviceability of the different services offered by SAS programs indicated a significant relationship where the more the students become aware of the services, the higher the SAS extent of serviceability.

Since the Second World War and after the adoption of the principle of the Prohibition of the use of force in international relations in the charter, many states still do not respect this principle and give priority to their interests, so they occupy other territories under various pretexts in order to legitimize their actions, and the occupation may continue for long periods without fulfilling their obligations under international and humanitarian law. In the face of occupation, States and peoples exercise their right to legitimate defense and resist the occupier by all civil and military means in order to exercise their right to self-determination. The int`l courts had a role in prosecuting the occupied countries and holding their officials accountable, so that it became a significant legacy in international relations, and the United Nations, through the Security Council and the General Assembly, contributed to confronting the issues of occupation and providing the necessary protection to the resistant peoples and the success of their attempts to counter the occupation.

This study aimed to explore the issues of gender inequality in the Nepalese special education system. Qualitative research which consisted of a descriptive research design was utilized. It was conducted in Kathmandu Valley and centered on the six special education schools with a total participation of 24 teachers. The results identified many issues chiefly in the areas of instruction, lack of teacher training, school policies, socio-cultural background, sexual harassment, interaction with teachers, and parental support. It was concluded that these issues should be taken into deep consideration by the related stakeholders so that gender equity can be obtained in the field of special education in Nepal.

This review focuses on the role of the web-based Geographic Information System (GIS) in sugarcane precision agriculture. Climate change, resource depletion, and market uncertainties have affected production; meaningfully, precision agriculture technologies can be solutions to reduce resource use and increase yield. The innovations, applicability, advantages, and challenges of web GIS platforms applied to sugarcane are reviewed and systematically analyzed in this paper based on literature spanning the years 2015 to 2024. The findings demonstrate that web GIS aids decision-making at the farm level by giving access to spatial data in real-time, as illustrated by the cases reducing fertilizers by 25% and improving water-use efficiency by 15-20%. Machine learning enhances these capabilities: yield predictions up to R-squared = 0.82, while disease detection achieves 95% accuracy using UAV imagery. This notwithstanding, barriers to adoption still prevail, such as high initial investment, technicality, and connectivity limitations in the rural landscape. Future research should, therefore, target user-interface functions, AI integration, and higher accessibility to cascade benefits widely across the globe. This review explains how web-based GIS can elevate sugarcane farming toward sustainability and efficiency.

In todays globalized world, it is undoubtedly important to study and analyze news from around the world, to distinguish between positive and negative information. When all is said and done, it is impossible to turn a blind eye to the processes taking place in the world and ignore them.

This study investigates the integration of viral marketing strategies and service quality in university sports facilities, examining their impact on purchase decisions through user trust as a mediating variable. The research addresses the growing need for financial independence in state universities, particularly focusing on sports service units at Yogyakarta State University (UNY). Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 384 respondents through structured questionnaires, analyzing responses using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results reveal significant positive relationships between viral marketing and user trust (ß=0.328, p<0.001), and bothfactors influence on purchase decisions (ß=0.318 and ß=0.229 respectively, p<0.001). The study confirms user trusts mediating role in both relationships (indirect effects: ß=0.074 and ß=0.081, p<0.001). These findings contribute to digital marketing and service management literature while providing practical implications for higher education institutions seeking to optimize revenue through sports facilities. The developed framework offers a comprehensive approach to integrating digital marketing strategies with service quality improvements, emphasizing the crucial role of user trust in driving purchase decisions.

This study aims to determine whether there is an influence of job promotion, work environment, and employee job satisfaction on the work performance of employees in the sales division of PT Arista Arya Abadi. Using the non-probability sampling method and purposive sampling technique. The questionnaire was distributed online and managed to obtain a sample of 54 respondents. The data that has been collected will be analyzed using SmartPLS. The results of this study indicate that job promotion, work environment, and employee job satisfaction on work performance have a positive and significant influence on the work performance of employees in the sales division of PT Arista Karya Abadi.

Shared values is acknowledged as the glue that holders an organization together and lays the foundation for its growth. However, despite the recognized significance of shared values, many Pentecostal churches face challenges in embedding these values within their leadership structures, which can hinder growth and long-term sustainability. This study sought to explore the role of shared values in driving church growth within Pentecostal churches in Kenya, investigating how these values shape leadership, organizational dynamics, and congregational engagement. The study adopted an embedded mixed-methods research design. The target population from the 47 counties of Kenya was 42,209 church leaders comprising of 2,828 bishops; 11,633 reverends; and 27,748 pastors of selected Pentecostal churches across different regions in Kenya. Employing purposive sampling, five counties (10%) of the total counties in Kenya were selected. From the five counties, 371 bishops, 1793 reverends, and 5462 pastors totalling to 7626 respondents were selected. Based on the five counties, the sample size was 380 participants including key informants. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and key informant interviews. Quantitative data was examined using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression model while qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. A high rating of shared values was observed (M=4.46, SD = 0.705), suggesting that majority of the churches were united by their shared values. Correlation analysis revealed a small but statistically significant positive correlation between shared values and church growth (r = .216, p < .01). Regression results showed that a unit increase in shared values was associated with 0.273 increase in church growth. The quantitative results were corroborated with qualitative insights whereby participants emphasized that shared values are fundamental to church growth, as they serve as the foundation for unity and a collective sense of purpose. Conclusion was drawn that shared values have a small yet meaningful effect on church growth. Pentecostal churches can stimulate growth by embracing core values, cultivating a culture of respect, teamwork, and mutual support. Their involvement in church initiatives and commitment to collaborative efforts will directly influence the congregations overall progress. Future studies should expand the predictors of church growth by examining additional factors like strategic leadership, execution strategy, and environmental constraints.

Baybayin, an ancient writing system of the Philippines, has been largely forgotten due to the introduction of Latin-based scripts during colonization. However, with the increasing interest in cultural preservation, there is a need for a robust Optical Character Recognition (OCR) system that can accurately recognize and digitize Baybayin text. This study explores the development of a Baybayin OCR system using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to improve character recognition accuracy. The model is trained on a diverse dataset consisting of handwritten, printed, and synthetic Baybayin characters. Data preprocessing techniques such as image normalization, noise reduction, and data augmentation are applied to enhance model generalization. The CNN model is evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, achieving an accuracy of 96.2%, significantly outperforming traditional OCR methods such as Tesseract. The trained model is further optimized using TensorFlow Lite (TFLite) for mobile deployment, enabling real-time character recognition via smartphone cameras. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of deep learning-based OCR systems in recognizing ancient scripts, contributing to both cultural preservation and digital accessibility.

This study aims to examine servant leadership and organizational culture as predictors of employee performance at PT X. The research is motivated by issues such as the companys declining market share, high employee turnover rate, and low performance among the majority of employees. Using a quantitative method and a saturation sampling technique, this study involved 147 employees as respondents. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression to assess the impact of servant leadership and organizational culture on employee performance. Both variables partially also have a significant effect on employee performance, with servant leadership exerting a more dominant influence compared to organizational culture. These findings confirm that leadership focused on service and a strong organizational culture contribute to enhancing employee motivation, engagement, and productivity. The practical implications of this study highlight the importance of strengthening a supportive organizational culture and implementing a servant leadership style to improve employee performance. It is recommended that company management develop leadership training programs centered on service-oriented leadership while reinforcing organizational values that foster employee engagement and productivity.

This study examines the effect of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) on organizational performance in a Small and Medium Business (SMB), with a focus on Red Mango Ltd. The study employed a correlational survey design to assess the relationship between ISMS implementation and organizational performance. Primary data was collected from 44 respondents, including management and staff, through structured questionnaires. The convenience sampling technique was used for respondent selection, and data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Correlation and regression analyses were applied to determine the relationship and effect of ISMS on organizational performance. Findings revealed that ISMS is well-implemented at Red Mango Ltd, with clear policies, structured roles and responsibilities, and comprehensive employee training on security measures. Employees are well-informed about acceptable usage of information security systems, and security incidents are promptly reported. However, several challenges hinder ISMS implementation, including leadership issues, technical system difficulties, personnel constraints, and financial limitations. Despite these challenges, ISMS adoption has led to significant benefits, including regulatory compliance, optimized business processes, cost savings, improved information security awareness, enhanced company reputation, and increased productivity. The study further established a strong positive correlation between ISMS implementation and organizational performance at Red Mango Ltd. Regression analysis indicated that a unit increase in ISMS adoption results in a 0.495 increase in organizational performance, confirming its significant impact. The study concludes that effective ISMS implementation enhances security, improves operational efficiency, and contributes to overall business success. Organizations are encouraged to address implementation challenges through leadership commitment, technical capacity building, and financial investment to fully realize ISMS benefits.

Reading is not just a pastime but a pathway to personal growth and success. This study focused on examining the reading habits and performance of pupils, as well as identifying any significant differences between these habits and their reading achievements. A descriptive correlational and causal design with content analysis were employed. The respondents of the study were Grade 5 and Grade 6 pupils of three (3) selected schools in Lagonglong District who were selected through stratified random sampling using Slovins Formula. The statistical tools utilized were, the frequency and percentage to determine the reading habit and performance. Chi-Square was used to find the significant difference between the pupils reading habits and performance and Multiple Linear Regression to identify which of the independent variable/s singly or in combination predict/s the dependent variable. Results revealed that pupils spend less than an hour daily for reading practice and preferred to read fiction text such as drama, short story, novel, comic strips, legend, fairy tales and poems. The majority are in the Instructional reading level. The number of hours reading, and the type of text read have moderate correlation with reading performance but only the number of hours is a good predictor for reading performance. Thus, when reading habit is developed among children, especially the number of hours to spend for reading practice, it will improve not only their reading proficiency but also their lifelong learning. It is encouraged to hold more reading practices at home and in school to improve reading performance of pupils. An intervention may be implemented like promoting reading activities and providing access to a variety of reading materials.

This study examined the relationship between school climate and teamwork among secondary school teachers. It aimed to determine the level of school climate in terms of role clarity, reward system, socio-emotional support, communication, and commitment, and to assess the level of teamwork among secondary teachers. Additionally, it investigated the significant relationship between school climate and teamwork, and identified which independent variables, either singly or in combination influence teamwork. The study involved 114 secondary teachers from all public schools in the division of El Salvador City. The study employed quantitative correlational and causal research designs, utilizing Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Linear Regression for data analysis and interpretation. Findings indicated that teachers perceived their school climate positively, with high ratings across all dimensions, particularly role clarity and commitment. Teamwork was also rated very high. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between school climate dimensions and teamwork, with socio-emotional support and reward systems showing the strongest associations. Multiple regression identified role clarity, socio-emotional support, and commitment as significant predictors of teamwork. The study concluded that a positive school climate can significantly enhance teamwork. Thus, it is recommended to promote teachers collaboration, cross-departmental initiatives, and shared professional development.

This study aims to analyze the influence of Psychological Capital and Social Support on Employee Engagement PT.X. Employee Engagement is a key factor in enhancing employee productivity and loyalty; however, many companies still face challenges in maintaining high engagement levels. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the extent to which Psychological Capital and Social Support serve as significant predictors of employee engagement in the workplace. This research employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 100 employees across various divisions. The research instruments included the Employee Engagement Scale (EES), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-12), and the Revised-Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (R-MSPSS). Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with SPSS 25 to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The findings indicate that Psychological Capital and Social Support simultaneously have a positive and significant impact on Employee Engagement (R² = 48.7%). Partially, Psychological Capital (ß = .705, p < .001) has a more dominant influence than Social Support (ß = .286, p < .001) on Employee Engagement. Therefore, companies should develop Psychological Capital through training programs that enhance self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience, while also strengthening Social Support by fostering open communication and stronger teamwork

This article explores key measures of variability—range, variance, and standard deviation—and examines their significance in data analysis. While measures of central tendency, such as the mean, provide valuable insights into the central value of a dataset, they fail to reveal the spread, consistency, or outliers that may significantly affect the interpretation of data. By focusing on the extent of dispersion, measures of variability offer a deeper understanding of how data points deviate from the mean, enabling researchers to assess data consistency, predictability, and potential risks. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of each measure, emphasizing the role of standard deviation in interpreting data variability. Furthermore, the empirical rule is introduced as a key concept associated with standard deviation, illustrating how it can be used to understand data distribution, particularly in normally distributed datasets. The article concludes by highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate measures of variability for accurate and meaningful data analysis.