This study examines the interest rate channel of monetary policy rates through private sector credits to prices. It applies an approach that is not common in monetary policy transmission mechanism in literature as many studies on transmission mechanism of monetary policy only examine statistical relationship between policy variables and target variables which may not be able to explain the pathway through which the monetary policies are transmitted. This paper uses mediation approach to assess the significance of causal path of interest rate through the bank lending channel. This paper dwelt on the transmission paths- from maximum interest rate, inter-bank call rate, treasury bill rate to prices through the private sector credits. The findings of this study lay credence to effective and significant transmission effects of interest rates (maximum lending rate, interbank lending rate and treasury bill rate) through private sector credit to prices. The paper concludes that maximum lending rate path has the highest significant transmission effect to prices. This is followed by the treasury bill rate and the inter-bank call rate respectively. The findings in this study is new in the case of Nigeria as no previous studies have applied mediation approach to the study of transmission mechanism of bank lending channel in Nigeria. Central banks should explore ways to effectively make policy towards effectively directing the monetary policy through maximum lending rate and treasury bill rates as they have the most significant paths through which the monetary policy rate is transmitted to prices.

This study examines the influence of internal factors on financial performance in Nigerian deposit money banks by using panel data of banks over the period 2009 to 2019. Since the data is secondary in nature, the quantitative approach to research was considered. Besides, the fixed effect model was used. The fixed effect model is preferred to the random effect model based on the Housman specification test. Under this study, internal and factors were examined. The internal factors used in this study include capital structure; Income Diversification, operating cost and bank size whereas, ROA and ROCE were used as the financial performance measure. Based on the regression result, all bank specific variables except bank size affect performance of the bank significantly but negatively. While based on correlation analysis, Bank size was positively correlated with ROCE. These clearly shows that, as the bank size increases, ROCE also moves on the same direction. On the other hand, the income diversification, capital structure and operating cost were negatively correlated with ROCE. Also, as the income diversification, capital structure and operating cost increases, ROCE moves in opposite direction. Moreover, the capital structure and the operating cost negatively correlated with ROA. This indicates that as capital structure increases, ROA moves to the opposite direction. On the other hand, income diversification and bank size were positively correlated with ROA. Based on the empirical findings, both capital structure and operating cost negatively and significantly affect performance measured by ROA and ROCE.

The rural bank is increasingly pressured by the presence of commercial banks, foreign banks of non-bank financial institutions that place massive financing in the microcredit sector and application-based financial transactions that facilitate and pamper consumers/customers. Government policies are needed to support and protect the existence of rural banks by equalization of their status in the equivalent of commercial banks in order to be more maximal in their intermediation functions, especially in the field of microcredit. The strategy that must be done by rural bank in facing the industrial era 4.0, is: implement a reliable Core Banking System (CBS). Cooperating with other rural bank and cooperating with fintech online credit distributors who are officially registered with the OJK are strengthened by regulations that support rural bank cooperation with fintech. Innovate in digital banking services by collaborating atm networks with commercial banks as well as collaboration to issue electronic money. Service innovation must be parallel with the improvement of management and internal in terms of integrity and attitude

Brand image is the essence of a product or organization promotion activity, which is always interesting to research. It doesn’t stop to the expectation that a brand image will be able to drive the sustainable marketing of an organization. State Defence is a brand of the National Development University “Veteran” East Java (UPNVJT) and becomes a unique identity, and needs to be explored to improve the role. The theoretical basis used in this research includes some antecedent variables including: brand experience, brand love and brand trust, and perceived usefullness to analyze brand image and sustainability marketing. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaire to all UPNvjt alumni and then 144 respondents were collected, the collected data is examined using smartPLS. The result of the hypothesis test shows that the brand image gives high influence toward the sustainability marketing, whereas brand image was strongly influenced by brand love and brand trust, and perceived usefullness.

The research was motivated by the conviction that inflation entails sizeable economic and social cost, and that for achieving a sustainable economic growth, management of inflation is a prerequisites. Co-integration and autoregressive error correction model approach was used to investigate the effect of money supply, fiscal deficits and export on the relative effectiveness of fiscal policy in Nigerian consumer driven economy. The study reveals there is a significant causal relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and the variables considered in the research. The Granger causality outcomes demonstrate that t here is no causality between money supply and inflation in Nigeria within the study period, meaning that there are different economic conditions that are key determinant of inflation in Nigeria. We conclude that fiscal policies have a significant influence on the output growth of the economy, and recommend that the Central Bank of Nigeria should guarantee an exchange rate stability and sound monetary surveillance, look inward for ways to regulate the interest rates that will encourage private and foreign investors to transform our consumer driven economy.

The main aim of this study to determine the explanatory variables of the Chinese exports of COVID-19 medical supplies to its 89 major trading partners in the first half of the year 2020. In addition, it explores the puzzle of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak from an economic perspective. We used the Ordinary-least-square (OLS) regression under a cross-sectional data framework to construct the quantitative analysis. The main findings are: First, the number of old population and the number of COVID-19 confirmed cases in the trading partner have been drivers of Chinese exports of COVID-19 medical supplies. Second, tariff barriers levied on the trading partner significantly impedes the Chinese exports of COVID-19 medical supplies to its trade partners, especially from middle-income countries. In future work, the analysis of this type of trade through the supply-side factors could be investigated. Also, some other variables such as non-tariff measures could be utilized. The study encourages literature for empirically analyzing the trade of medical supplies, in general, under econometric modeling. The results are illustrated based on consistent quantitative evidence.

Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is a tool to ensure sustainable development in many countries by enhancing natural resource conservation, preserving culture and traditions as well as generating income at local level. Bangladesh is one of the third world countries having scarcity of finance but they can increase their GDP through giving stress to tourism industry (Muhammad shamssuduha, 2005). Sreemangal is a naturally blessed place in Bangladesh which is enriched by its natural resources as well as local community’s rich unique cultures, traditions, history, living style and hospitality. This study is carried out to identify how Community-Based Tourism helps to promote the economic sustainability of rural economy in Sreemangal. Both primary and secondary data are collected and then primary data (collected from study area by using questionnaire survey) are analyzed by using SPSS software. After analyzing the data, it could be sum up that Community Based Tourism will help to ensure economic solvency of local community by creating employment opportunities for locals, to confirm the greater profit distribution among all stakeholders, to create new local markets for community’s unique tourism products, indirectly contribute in poverty reduction as well as educational rate and living standard enhancement. This study also dowries some recommendations based on the findings of the analysis.

This study aims to explain the effect market orientation, entrepreneurship orientation and competitive advantage on performance. The population in this study was all Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises enrolled in Bali. Samples taken based on probability sampling techniques are simple random sampling, where researchers provide equal opportunities for each member of the population (employees) to be chosen as samples randomly regardless of the strata in the population itself with a total sample of 100 enterprises. This examination tried by quantitative techniques with SEM-PLS investigation. The consequences of theory testing demonstrate that 1 of 5 speculations were dismissed. Market orientation not impacts on performance. Market orientation and business enterprise orientation has positive and significant impact to competitive advantage. Business orientation and competitive advantage has positive and significant impact to performance. The example utilized in this examination is restricted with regards to Micro Small and Medium Enterprise. Proposals for further research by including another variable that was not recently contemplated. Useful ramifications in this examination is industry administrators ought to adjust their CPMS to incorporate estimates explicit to intra-hierarchical business enterprise and development and should seek after more noteworthy comprehension of changing client inclinations. This examination offers performance to improve business orientation and item advancement with the goal that it will expand competitive advantage which effects on MSMEs performance.

Cost efficiency is very important in this new age since profitability continue to shrink and new business is becoming almost impossible. Therefore, this study is to examine impact of cost efficiency on financial performance of Nigeria deposit money banks. The specific objectives of the study were to; (i) test the effects of efficiency in Fueling and maintenance costs on the performance of Nigerian deposit money banks; (ii) to examine the impact of efficiency in General Administrative expenses on the Performance of Nigerian deposit money banks. Secondary data were collected from annual financial statements of the selected banks. Fixed-effect and random-effect regression analysis method were used to analyze the data from a sample of 13 listed Nigerian deposit money banks covering period of 2010 to 2019. The results showed that cost efficiency have significant impact on financial performance of Nigerian deposit money banks. Implying that bank managements tend to increase profitability by increasing power-running cost efficiency, and by reducing general administrative cost efficiency. The study recommends that; Bank management need to tap into alternative source of energy and holistic approach to monitor wastages and theft of fuel to reduce power running cost for performance increasement. The board of directors should ensure that good business administration is their focus, by employing efficient control on administrative expenses to improve bank performance.

The study determined the level and factors that influence adoption of improved wheat variety adoption among smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. The study used household level cross sectional data collected during 2015/16 cropping season. The survey involved 1611 smallholder farmers drawn by random selection from thirteen agro-ecologies in four regions in the country. The four regions represent 99.3% of the wheat growing areas, 99.6% of the wheat producer and 99.4% of the wheat production in the country. In the analyses, descriptive statistics and a Probit regression model were employed. A descriptive analysis shows that, 83.7% of the sample households were adopters and have grown at least one improved wheat variety during the production season. The econometric analyses of improved wheat variety adoption behavior of smallholder farmers revealed that Tropical livestock unit (TLU), received training, education level of the HHH and awareness on improved varieties positively and significantly related with the adoption of using improved varieties. While, Experience of growing Wheat and Land holding size improved adoption of improved wheat varieties suggesting credit would be crucial for enhancing adoption of using improved wheat varieties. Hence, strategies to enhance adoption of use of improved wheat varieties need to focus on factors that showed higher marginal effects.

This study aims to test how much influence Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Non Performing Loan (NPL), Operational Revenue Expense (BOPO) to ROA; how much influence the CAR, LDR, NPL and BOPO simultaneously against ROA at commercial banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2010-2016. The data used is secondary data in the form of financial ratios with the amount of 140 observations. Sampling is done by purposive sampling with the number of 20 banks, namely the largest commercial banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in terms of assets position of December 2016. Statistical test of SPSS which is used to test classical assumptions and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that CAR had no effect on ROA with a value of 0.2%. LDR has no effect on ROA with a value of 1.4%. NPL has a negative and significant effect on ROA with a value of 25.7%. BOPO has a negative and significant effect on ROA with a value of 77.2%. Simultaneously CAR, LDR, NPL, and BOPO have a significant influence on ROA at commercial banks listed on the Stock Exchange in 2010-2016. The prediction ability of these four variables on ROA is 81.60%, while the rest is influenced by other factors outside the research model.

The COVID-19 has social and economic impacts, especially in emerging countries like Brazil. The Brazilian’s context was different from the rest of the world, because while the other countries have to manage social and economic crises, Brazil also had to manage a political crisis caused by the president Jair Bolsonaro. The study aimed to analyze the importance of the fiscal, monetary and foreign exchange policies adopted by the Brazilian government and its effect on the stock exchange. To analyze the impacts of the COVID-19 in Brazilian economy, a time series analyses was conducted with the Vector Autoregressive Model. The variables analyzed by the study were: government spending, basic interest rate, Ibo Vespa index and exchange rate. The result highlights the relevance of expansive fiscal policy as a positive driver for investment intentions in the financial market. Although this behavior is not easy to understand, an example that can support this result is the indirect purchase of government bonds through the Central Bank.