The addressee predetermines which communicative strategy to choose for the addressee to achieve the communicative goal, and accordingly performs verbal actions. This aspect is also important when creating a name. This article provides information on the linguistics of name formation, the role of communicative strategies and tactics in the formation of names, the main trends in name formation in the Uzbek language. In addition, recommendations were made on the technological mechanisms of name creation. On the example of the Uzbek language, models for creating names specific to national languages have been developed.

In recent times, despite the situation of the Covid-19 epidemic has had serious developments on a global scale, drug crimes in the world, in the region and in the country have continued to be very complicated. Southeast Asia is considered one of the world’s major illicit drug production centers. Vietnam is not in the group of large illegal drug producing countries, however, with its unique geographical position, border, road and sea routes stretching from the north to the south, causing difficulties in fighting drug crime. Research on drug offenders from the perspective of criminology shows that the psychological formation of drug crimes comes from reasons such as economy, society, culture, law, and people’s intellectual level. On that basis, the article proposes some solutions to improve the effectiveness of the prevention of drug-related crimes.

In recent times, despite the situation of the Covid-19 epidemic has had serious developments on a global scale, drug crimes in the world, in the region and in the country have continued to be very complicated. Southeast Asia is considered one of the world’s major illicit drug production centers. Vietnam is not in the group of large illegal drug producing countries, however, with its unique geographical position, border, road and sea routes stretching from the north to the south, causing difficulties in fighting drug crime. Research on drug offenders from the perspective of criminology shows that the psychological formation of drug crimes comes from reasons such as economy, society, culture, law, and people’s intellectual level. On that basis, the article proposes some solutions to improve the effectiveness of the prevention of drug-related crimes.

Indonesia Defence University as a university that develops one of the new branches of science, defense science, must be able to meet and detect the development of global threats that are happening especially related to defense and security. Defense science emerged about five decades ago, since western countries introduced the concept of managing the defense sector to discuss how to allocate budgets and human resources, utilizing tools such as in the business world for defense purposes. The study sought to clarify efforts to measure service quality based on dominant potential factors. Quality of service is assumed to be an important part in improving the quality of education in a convergent approach derived from external factors of a learner. . In this study, the stages of data analysis techniques begin by conducting descriptive statistical analysis, testing analytical prerequisites, and continued with path analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis aims to describe the data of each variable in a single way. The result is to improve the quality of lecturer services at is trust in Indonesia Defence University to be able to produce superior quality graduates.

Children with ASD are called from an early age to meet social demands and to interact with peers. This fact leads them from a very early age to face difficulties, which specifically concern the creation of social relations, the full awareness of these relations and difficulties in their social integration. Stress levels increase with age and mood disorders and secondary difficulties are often observed. They therefore end up experiencing more loneliness, compared to their normal developing classmates. The present research paper aims to investigate the levels of friendships that develop in three case studies, of a girl and two boys with ASD, after the implementation of targeted teaching interventions. In addition, a comparison of these levels is made according to the gender of the students. The interventions are compatible with the abilities and interests of the three students, so that they are functional and efficient. Development of friendships was observed in all three cases, with higher levels of conversation flow for older children, and with a stronger desire for the girl and more demands from friendships, compared to boys.

Among many Christians and other religious and spiritual (R/S) groups belief in the demonic is common. Yet no measures exist that enable study of this phenomenon. For theoretical, practical, and research purposes such a measure seems essential. This study reports the development and preliminary psychometric properties of a measure designed to serve this purpose. Four items each in the domains of subjective experience and behavioral engagement were developed. We reasoned that these were interrelated domains. Factor analysis yielded two strongly related factors of four items each that corresponded to subjective feelings and behavioral engagement, accounted for 56.55% of the total variance and correlated 0.62. The measure showed good internal consistency and fits our theoretical model.

Indonesia has potential in cooperation on the intermission of UN peacekeeping tasks, although the need for UN intermission does not occur frequently (incidentally), but it needs to be prepared in order to anticipate opportunities and challenges in the development of the situation in UN PKOs, as has happened to the Indonesian Armed Forces Engineer Company Taskforce/Garuda Contingent. XXXII-C, through a decision-making mechanism based on the UN Resolution in UN PKOs to carry out the intermission of peacekeeping tasks from Haiti to Central Africa (2014-2015). The Kizi Taskforce TNI/Konga XXXII C/MINUSTAH or Konga XXXVII-A/MINUSCA, can complete their duties as UN peacekeepers on duty at the UN Mission in MINUSTAH - Haiti and carry out UN Peace Task Intermissions in MINUSCA, in order to prepare missions in the African Republic Center (CAR). On this "rare" opportunity, the UN intermission process can be carried out properly through effective diplomacy and negotiations, so that the TNI/Konga XXXII-C Kizi Taskforce can carry out tasks in two different missions at once. And on this occasion, the researcher tries to explore the data in the form of a research entitled “Implementation of the United Nations Peacekeeping Taskforce; Case Study of Intermission of Satga IEC/Konga XXXII-C from Haiti to Central Africa (2014-2015)”, In this study, I tried to explain the mechanism and implementation of the UN peacekeeping mission, accompanied by various challenges and obstacles faced in the area of operation. as well as the steps and efforts taken to overcome them, so that the task of ending the mission of the IEC/Garuda contingent in Haiti and the reopening of the UN mission in the Central African Republic can take place safely and smoothly. The researcher explored this research, considering that this form of intermission assignment rarely occurs, not only in the IEC Taskforce/Garuda Contingent, but also in UN peacekeeping operations.

This study discusses efforts to tackle the crime of spreading hoaxes in cyberspace through criminal law and reveals the obstacles law enforcers have in tackling these crimes. The writing method used was a normative juridical approach, analytical descriptive. The results of this study are that law enforcers should be qualified, organized, structured to unite communities specializing in handling all types of cyber actions, given certain tools and facilities such as educated and skilled human workers, good organization, adequate equipment, sufficient finances for tackling cybercrime, especially the spread of false information/fake news (hoax).

This work focused on the war nerves between United State of America and Soviet Union relations and endeavour to find out, how the ideological war between the United States and the Soviet Union, affected international peace. This is as a result of the significance of the era in the contemporary trends in human civilization. This era heralded the advent of the most destructive instruments in the annals of humans’ development – the Atomic Bomb and the Ballistic Missiles. The presence of these instruments in the midst of humanity, gave rational beings something to worry about The study employed the historical methods which emphasise description, thematic presentation, interpretation and analysis of facts. Information for this study was obtained from secondary sources like textbooks, journal articles, magazines, and so on were used. The findings show that the war of nerves between between United States of America and Soviet Union Relations violated international peace and polarised the international system.

How important are gender issues in international relations and world politics The various events taking place in different parts of the world today have led to the inclusion of women in world politics not only as an active subject (in governance, peacekeeping, economic processes), but also as an important object of social relations. It has also become a requirement of the time to focus on womens issues in economic, social and political relations as a segment of the population in need of social protection due to poverty, internal conflicts, diseases, economic and political crises. At the same time, the issue of gender equality has become a voluntary and mandatory obligation for countries. No country in the world has achieved gender equality regardless of its level of development. This inequality has a number of well-established historical foundations. Firstly, long historical evidences prove that womens physical weakness and the task of rearing children had placed them at a disadvantage and made it hard for them to compete with men. This disadvantage had been increased by the exclusion of women from knowledge, from work and from property ownership and political rights. In this article, I try to analyze the importance of gender phenomenon in world politics. Gender blindness of the system had its negative impacts at all spheres that found its proof through historical periods. Today, Gender is not only actual in global peace and stability, but also in sustainability of economic welfare and social maintenance.

This study sought to determine the relationship between performance appraisal strategies and job productivity of Business Studies teachers in Public Secondary Schools in Akwa Ibom South Senatorial District. Three specific objectives, three research questions and three null hypotheses were formulated for the study. The correlational research design was used in this study. The population of the study comprised 63 principals and 177 Business Studies teachers; totaling 240 respondents which were drawn from 63 public secondary schools in Akwa Ibom South Senatorial District. The sample consists of 54 principals and 123 Business Studies teachers which gave a total sample size of 177 respondents and were obtained statistically using Taro Yamane formula. Simple random sampling technique was used for the study. Two research instruments captioned: Performance Appraisal Strategies Questionnaire (PASQ) for Business Studies teachers and Job Productivity of Business Studies Teachers Questionnaire (JPBSTQ) for principals were used for data collection. The instruments were face validated by three experts in the Department of Business Education, University of Uyo. Cronbachs Alpha technique was used in determining the reliability coefficient of the instruments (PASQ) and (JPBSTQ) where coefficient indices of .74 and .95 were obtained respectively. Simple Linear Regression analysis was used in answering the research questions as well as testing the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that there is a strong and significant relationship between the application of management by objectives, 360 degree feedback, and assessment centre appraisal strategy and job productivity of Business Studies teachers in Public Secondary Schools in Akwa Ibom South Senatorial District. From the findings, it was concluded that if performance appraisal strategies are properly applied by principals and board, itwould go a long way to enhancing job productivity of Business Studies teachers in Public Secondary Schools as well as promoting the students academic achievement. Therefore, it is recommended among others that Government through State Secondary Education Board should regularly organize seminars, workshops and conferences for principals and teachers particularly on the rudiments of performance appraisal strategies so that the application of these strategies would be handled at ease.

The influence of manager behaviour on employee positive work behaviour has sought empirical evidence against the backdrop of robust conceptual and theoretical positions on the subject. Considering this debate, this study examines empirical relationship between manager ethical behaviour and employee affective commitment among SMEs operators in Port Harcourt. The study conducted based on positivist philosophy had used the validated and reliable survey instrument to obtain data from a sample of 143 respondents. The data obtained were analyzed using the Pearson Statistic and multiple regression. The co-efficient obtained shows a positive relationship between manager ethical conduct and employee affective commitment. The regression result indicates that up to 68% of the variance in the employee affective commitment construct is predicted by manager ethical behaviour and integrity and accountability components have the highest impact on employee affective commitment. Conclusively, manager ethical behaviour, correlates with employee affective commitment, therefore, it is recommended that manager should show integrity and accountability as a means of attracting commitment through the confidence reposed in managers known for doing the right things

This study aimed to discuss the issue of granting the main rights of road users who are escorted by the police. This research used a normative juridical approach used secondary legal data. The results of this study are the main rights of road users based on Article 134 of Law Number 22 of 2009 guided by Article 13 of Law Number 2 of 2002, in the implementation of escort regulated in the decision of KAKORLANTAS POLRI Number: KEP/51/IV/TAHUN 2014 concerning Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) for Traffic Control. In driving, people can ask to be escorted according to the rules. The implementation of the granting of escort permits is the policy of the Indonesian National Police. The National Police of the Republic of Indonesia can provide criteria for community activities that require an escort from the police, and data as well as those that give particular importance to the safeguards provided, so this makes monitoring easier.

This study aims to determine whether audit opinion, public accounting firm reputation, audit delay, and financial distress as moderating variables have an influence on auditor switching. The data used are companies in the manufacturing sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2018-2020. The data obtained are in the form of financial statements, the sample selection process is carried out using purposive sampling, hypothesis testing in this study uses smart PLS. The results of the study indicate that audit opinion has a positive effect on auditor switching, while the audit delay variable, the reputation of a public accounting firm does not show an effect on auditor switching. Financial distress as a moderating variable is able to strengthen the relationship between audit opinion and auditor switching but is not able to moderate the relationship between audit delay and the reputation of public accounting firms to auditor switching. The contribution generated from this research is that the results of this research can increase public knowledge about the factors that cause auditor switching in manufacturing sector companies.

This paper examines the position of Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management as a legal product based on the legal ideals of Pancasila and examines the legal politics of the position of Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management so that it can become a legal product that creates environmental sustainability. This paper uses a normative juridical method. The results of this paper indicate that Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management has a position under the goals of the Indonesian state, namely to create a good and healthy environment that makes people prosperous. It has been stated in Article 65 that everyone has the right to a good and healthy environment as part of human rights. The legal politics of Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management in accordance with the provisions of Article 28 H paragraph (1), Article 33 paragraph (3), (4) and (5) of the 1945 Constitution, which is the state s legal policy in managing the environment and use of natural resources.

Every society needs well-educated members. Education is the most important responsibility which is given by the society to the teachers for making a far better generation. Teachers play a key role to fulfill the desires and expectations of society. They give their best for the all-around development of children. Teachers are truly nation builders. A student never forgets his teachers. Many educationists, scholars, education commissions gave their contribution to achieving the aims and objectives of the nation as well as society. But to fulfill the needs of a growing population and lack of resources, our nation cannot bear wastage of resources. It is an obligation for the government to provide education to all the children up to class VIII (i.e., between the age of 6 to 14 years). Therefore, if the children do not get promoted to the next class, then new children may not be able to attend that class.

Universities as part of higher education have a strategic role in producing quality, professional and highly competitive resources. To realize the role of universities in producing superior and ethical human resources, the accountability of universities for compliance with government regulations is a major factor. However, the reality of the existence of private universities in Denpasar City shows that there are still relatively low academic positions of lecturers, low ratings of research and service performance, low ratings of accreditation scores and also universities that have not been accredited. This study aims to answer the main problem whether an organizational culture based on Tri Hita Karana (THK) can moderate the relationship of intellectual capital through organizational learning to the performance of private universities. The number of respondents who are willing and participating in the survey are 41 heads of study programs. The results showed that high intellectual capital was able to improve the performance of private universities in Denpasar City through the full effectiveness of organizational learning. However, other findings indicate that organizational culture based on Tri Hita Karana (THK) has not been able to streng then the relationship between intellectual capital and organizational learning on the performance of private universities in Denpasar City.

The role of security unit officers (Satpam) is very important in the sociological efforts of police functions that develop in the social life system to maintain security and order in their respective regions. There needs to be a management of motivation and rewards given to security unit as an effort to improve performance in maintaining national security and defense. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the new uniform policy of the security unit is in an effort to apply management motivation and rewards to increase the defense and economic resilience of the Indonesian state. Qualitative research methods and data collection techniques in the form of Literature Studies and Library Research. The results of the study explain that the new uniform policy of the security unit provides a common identity with the police which has an influence on performance in maintaining the defense and economic resilience of the Indonesian state.

The application of e-commerce platforms for retailing agricultural products has been increasingly adopted for several benefits namely market expansion and connection, brand establishment, price improvement as well as the motivation for farmers to actively ameliorate their farming practices, product quality and package. However, this retail method is still lagging far behind in Vietnam - despite the need for digitalization to solve persistent problems, namely the imbalanced supply, demand and accompanied price loss in the traditional distribution channel. Thus, this research aims to investigate the factors that impact the Vietnamese farmers intention to adopt e-commerce platforms for fresh produce retail. The paper applies the integrated Technology Acceptance Model and Technology-Organization-Environment framework. Through an online survey, a sample of 344 farmers who produced fruits and vegetables across Vietnam was drawn to confirm the hypotheses of this study. The results showed that there are positive relationships between three factors Perceived usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of use (PEOU) and Intention to Adopt (INT). Among the variables, technological context (TC) is positively associated with both PU and PEOU, and organizational context (OC) impacts PU positively. Moreover, the environmental context (EC) is shown to positively influence the intention to adopt e-commerce platforms for fresh produce retail. Findings are valuable to the development of e-commerce platforms and policies to promote Vietnamese farmers intention of using e-commerce platforms to retail agricultural products.

The purpose of this publication is to announce the results of research on the ideology and performances of the Legong Sambeh Bintang dance. The Legong Sambeh Bintang is a traditional Balinese dance that is preserved by the Bangle Villager. However, not all people in Bali preserve the Legong Sambeh Bintang dance. The questions are: 1) What is the form of the Legong Sambeh Bintang Dance in Bangle Village?; 2) Why do people in Bangle Village preserve the Legong Sambeh Bintang dance?. This article has been completed based on qualitative research. All the primary data has been collected through interviews with informants and observations in Bangle village. The data collection is completed by the data collected through a literature study on the ideology and art of Balinese dance. The totality of the data in the study was analyzed qualitatively by using aesthetic theory and the theory of power relations of knowledge. The results of the study show that : 1) the form of the Legong Sambeh Bintang dance is a delicate princess dance which is traditionally classified as wali art and non-representational art. This Legong show can be danced by up to 50 female dancers with uncomplicated movements and Balinese clothing that has a design pattern like the rays of the stars in the sky to be able to build the representation of many nymph; 2) The Bangle Villager preserves the Legong Sambeh Bintang dance because it is closely related to the perfection of spiritual practice through the Village Ngusaba Ceremony in their cultural heritage, aesthetic taste, and social comfort in Bangle Village. Ideologically, the great interest of the local people in always carrying out the Ngusaba Desa ceremony perfectly and seeking entertainment that can build social comfort has resulted in the sustainability of the Legong Sambeh Bintang Dance in Bangle Village.

Disaster events, specifically large-scale, often have negative impacts on peoples lives. One of which is in the form of public order and security disturbance. In this situations, the police are the law enforcement officers responsible for the control. As one of the security maintenance strategies, they implement a collaborative approach with partners including non-government groups, such as the mass media, civil society and organizations. However, this is not an easy task, especially in disaster situations. Therefore, this study aims to identify barriers to collaborative maintenance of public order and security in the context of disasters. Qualitative methods were used in the form of in-depth interviews with the police and their collaboration partners. The results showed several barriers in the implementation of collaboration came from internal and external police organizations.

As the largest Muslim country in the world, Indonesia, waqf land is calculated at approximately 4.2 billion square meters and cash waqf has a value of at least 180 trillion rupiahs per year. The huge potential of waqf has pushed the government to make it as one of the supporting elements of the national economy. The purpose of this paper is to contribute ideas to the government and other stakeholders such as the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI) and the nazhirs to see the potential of waqf land in providing affordable housing for communities around the waqf land and utilizing waqf land as sources of land provision. The research method used was normative juridical by approaching the legislation governing waqf land, housing, and civil law, especially contract law. Comparative studies were also used in order to sharpen the analysis in order to develop existing models through the Build Operate Transfer (BOT) approach. The results showed that with the Build operate transfer system, the use of waqf land involving nazhir components, BWI, and investors supported by professional institutions such as notaries/PPAT, lawyers, accountants, bankers, and appraisals will open more opportunities for utilization to make positive contributions, both for the waqf land itself, nazhir and the benefit of the people. This needs to be supported by increasing the professionalism of BWI for the development of BWI organizations, which is carried out by developing the waqf legal system through regulations at the Presidential Regulation level that regulate the management of abandoned waqf lands.

The age of the Bengali liberation war has crossed almost five decades. The political, social, economic, and cultural background of the liberation war of 1971 and the emergence of independent Bangladesh is huge and varied in the form of canvas. So, this current study titled "The Liberation War of Bangladesh: Emergence of Nationalism in the Political Context" aims to investigate in what context have the common people, including military, paramilitary, political, administrative and business people, come together at the same point to demand independence? Following that, the study deals with the great liberation struggle of the Bengali nation, and significant facts, events, situations, changes in the political landscape of the time, the background of the establishment of Pakistan, linguistic, tradition, culture, and conflicting differences between East and West Pakistan from 1947 to 1971. The development of Bengali nationalism is also documented in this study by highlighting inequality in different sectors by using various data and statistics. The study is mainly used secondary data to accomplish the article. For instance, books, interviews, newspapers, various researches, online liberation war documents, etc. were used as references in the described research.

Indonesia is one of the largest democratic countries in the world and has held 11 general elections nationally. Nonetheless, the electoral process with ballot paper is deemed convoluted, prone to manipulation, requires massive resources and lengthy process and spent extravagant state budget. Electronic voting (e-voting) has been implemented in more than 26 countries, and India has achieved terrific success in 2019 with more than 900 million voters. E-voting in India has answered convoluted and high cost of election problems, and the VVPAT (voter-verified paper audit trail) technology helped prevent fraud potential and manipulation. This study examines the policy transfer of e-voting technology from India into Indonesia s jurisdiction and political context by using literature study and secondary sources of data to support the arguments. The key findings are that e-voting serves a constitutional electoral system that defends effective and efficient democratic election, reduces the margin of error in voting, counting, recapitulation, and significantly reduces the probability of invalid votes, effectively hindering fraudulent practices like vote-buying during recapitulation and preventing dropping illegal ballots into the ballot box. Moreover, e-voting technology also corresponds with High Court No.147 PUU-VII 2009, and if implemented with adequate technology, software and human resources, this method could secure the tenets of direct, general, free, confidential, honesty and fairness.

There are several communal rights, namely: common parts, shared land, and shared objects in term of high-rise building, which subjected to rights that arise in the form of enjoyment and sustainable use of flats or apartments. The government s attention is still at the stage of how to realize and encourage developers to participate in the provision of houses. Instead, there has not been any serious attention to provide guidance so that housing management can be carried out in sustainable manner. This paper intends to restore the rights of the association of apartment owners and occupants (P3SRS), so that they can carry out their duties as managers of apartments as legal entities of associations mandated by law to provide legal protection, legal certainty and the realization of sustainable management of apartments for end-users. This research conducted by using the statute approach and case approach in the light of normative juridical research, which can propose a solution to the potential turbulence in the life of apartments in Indonesia. The results shows that the developer s neglect of the hand-over of communal rights that can lead to uncertainty about the rights of consumers and the loss of civil rights (burgerlijk dood), which are human rights of end-users. In the end, this paper recommends legal actions by reviewing all laws and regulations relating to the establishment of P3SRS as the party who has absolute rights of apartments to achieve legal certainty and legal protection in order to ensure the sustainable management of apartments.

Students with disabilities face diverse challenges which greatly affect their access and full participation in academic programmes at academic institutions of all levels. Therefore, the aim of the current empirical study is to identify the factors influencing the academic performance and achievement of disabled students. The study was guided by the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Based on the review of the relevant literature, the study concluded that there are several factors that influence the academic performance and achievement of students with disabilities such as: emotional factors such as the disabled students’ fear, depression, low self-confidence, feelings of shame, withdrawal, low self-concept, and feelings of inferiority. Moreover, other factors include the disabled student’ family background along with their socio-economic status, the educational level of the parents, the lack of the parents’ encouragement and motivation, the authoritarian nature of some families of students with disabilities, the negative attitudes of some teachers towards the students with disabilities and the weakness of the instructional strategies implemented by the teachers, the societal attitudes towards disabled students and well as the students’ attitudes towards themselves, the physical barriers within the academic institutions’ environment, etc. finally, multiple detailed solutions and recommendations were suggested by the study.

Authority is likening to a driving agent, which is divine or human. By experimental and analytical method, we explore the magisterial interpretation by evaluating modern trends on the application of authority. Research examines the Christian teachings from the Bible and Sacred Tradition. Jesus Christ had taught the principle of pragmatic authority based on Servant Leadership at the washing of His Disciples’ feet. The quest for a Servant Leader: to feed the poor, to protect orphans, to fight for justice in Africa; is value-style of leadership in the 21st century world.

One of the trends in the primary and comprehensive renovation of education in Vietnam today is the promotion of learner-centered teaching methods, moving from the content-based educational program to the competency-based learner approach. That is, interested in what learners can apply through learning. Therefore, studying the general problems of creative thinking skills is essential to guide the learner’s approach. Within the scope of the article, the author focuses on the analysis of available theoretical concerns about creative thinking and offers some suggestions to promote creative thinking skills for learners.

This study aimed at negotiating the paradoxical representation of Muslim women identity in two literary text; Ahdaf Soueif’s In the Eye of the Sun (1992) and Shelina Zahra Janmohamed memoir Love in a Headscarf (2009) in a multicultural British society. These two texts show and explore a third space, reclaiming Muslim identity reconciled with Britishness. The two texts run against Orientalist perspective that respectively represent Muslim women as concubines, harem and other apparatuses of female subjugation and thus gives Muslim women a demeaning identity. Both authors refuse to fit into the conventional categories and stereotypes of subservient Muslim women portrayed by Orientalists. Moreover, they attempt to make sense of being British and Muslim and dispel the assumed irreconcilability between Islam and many key traditional British values. Instead of rejecting their Muslim identity, they reconcile it with Britishness. They belong to a British-based growing group of writers who capture the various moments of their life in Britain as Muslims as well as British citizens. The two texts undermined the dominant narratives of Muslim women as silent victims by means of representations of love, sex, romance in multicultural Britain.

The study is a functional description and analysis of the category of tenor in English journal articles on finance which is arguably one of the four aspects forming register in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). The data were collected from 50 English journal articles on finance indexed by Journal of Corporate Finance, Journal of Banking&Finance, Australian Journal of Management, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Journal of Economic Surveys, Journal of Economic Methodology, International Review of Financial Analysis, and Review of Finance. The paper identifies the components of tenor and describes their linguistic features in English journal articles on finance. The study contributes to the application of SFL to the description and the use of language for academic and research writing.

Commuting is regularly recurring movement between one s place of residence and place of employment, or research, and in doing so exceed the boundaries of their residential group. The research focuses on the urban – rural bus service commuter’s satisfaction level in the selected settlements in the Municipality of Estancia. Estancia is to represent the Northern part of Western Visayas. This is still in a developing stage, which is yet to reach the advance level of large town. The main objectives are to evaluate the public transport service quality through commuter’s satisfaction survey. A total of 100 questionnaire forms are collected. The result indicates socio – demographic trip characteristics that have affected the level of satisfaction and aspirations of the commuters for potential terminal improvements. It was assessed as acceptability in terms of existing terminal operations, environment, architectural design and location. It offers a deeper understanding of the commuter’s attitude towards public transport and the sense of convenience in public transport services. Other than that, it was found that there is a difference between modes of transport in terms of commuter s preferences over public transport. The result will help to improve the quality of operation of transport providers according to the satisfaction, expectations of the various modes of transport and acts as a guide for possible public transport terminal construction.

Particel Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a form of population evolutionary algorithm introduced in the early 1995 by two American scientists, sociologist James Kennedy and electrical engineer. Russell. This thesis mainly deals with the PSO optimization algorithm and the methods of adaptive adjustment of the parameters of the PSO optimization. The thesis also presents some basic problems of PSO, from PSO history to two basic PSO algorithms and improved PSO algorithms. Some improved PSO algorithms will be presented in the thesis, including: airspeed limit, inertial weighting, and coefficient limit. These improvements are aimed at improving the quality of PSO, finding solutions to speed up the convergence of PSO. After presenting the basic problems of the PSO algorithm, the thesis focuses on studying the influence of adjusting parameters on the ability to converge in PSO algorithms. PSO algorithms with adaptively adjusted parameters are applied in solving real function optimization problems. The results are compared with the basic PSO algorithm, showing that the methods of adaptive adjustment of the parameters improve the efficiency of the PSO algorithm in finding the optimal solutions.

Pery Jayanto, Development of STEM-Based Learning Tools to Increase HOTS of Class X SMA Students on Change Material. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Yogyakarta State University, 2021. The objectives of this research are (1) to produce STEM-based learning device products in the form of RPP, LKPD and valid assessment instruments so that they are feasible to be applied in learning activities, (2) produce practical STEM-based learning device products that are easy to apply in learning activities, and (3) produce effective learning equipment products to increase the HOTS of class X SMA students on Environmental Change Material. This research is a research and development (R&D) using the ADDIE model which consists of the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. STEM-based learning tools developed are evaluated for the validity of the learning tools developed determined from the opinions of experts. Experts in this case are UNY Postgraduate lecturers, material experts and instrument experts who will provide suggestions and assessments related to the validity of the learning tools developed and then tested for practicality on the developed learning tools that can be determined through teacher and student assessments. This assessment is used to determine the responses of users of the learning tools developed. This assessment is about how suitable and easy the learning device is to apply and test its effectiveness on class X SMA students using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. Data collection used interview guides, needs analysis questionnaires, validity assessment questionnaires for material experts and learning experts, practical assessment questionnaires by biology teachers and students and students HOTS tests. The data analysis technique used n-gain and independent sample t-test. The results obtained based on the research that has been carried out show (1) according to the results of the validation of material experts and instrument experts, the STEM-based learning tools developed are declared valid and suitable for use in terms of construction, material and language aspects (2) the use of STEM-based learning tools in activities practical learning to use according to the teacher s assessment which is assessed from the material aspects, lesson plans and student worksheets, while the practicality of learning tools by students is assessed from the aspect of ease and assistance of students in using LKS, and (3) learning using STEM-based learning tools can increase participant HOTS SMA XI class students on environmental change material with a value <0.05.

This study describes the profile of students critical thinking skills during the covid-19 pandemic at the Faculty of Education, State University of Surabaya. The data collection instrument used was a critical thinking ability test developed by Hariastuti by adopting the WGCTA (Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal) model. respondents obtained through accidental sampling because the instrument is distributed in google form. The results showed that the critical thinking category of students was still in moderate condition so that efforts were needed to improve students critical thinking skills.

In India the philosophers, except the Madhyamika Buddhists and Jayarasi Bhatta, maintain that determination of an object depends on a pramana, a source of cognition. Similarly, pramana depends on prameya padhartha. In the present paper I will deal with the relationship between epistemology and metaphysics from the Advaita point of view. According to Advaita Vedanta, Brahman is the only highest reality. It does never get contradicted. Brahman is sat-cit-ananda i.e. Eternal Existence, Eternal Consciousness and Eternal Bliss. The three aspects -sot, cit and ananda- constitute the essence of Brahman. Brahman is unknown and unknowable. All sources of cognitions [pramana-s) fail to cognize Brahman. It is avanmanasagacara. The nature of Brahman can be explained through the methods of adhyaropa and apavoda. Advaita Vedanta does not admit any relationship between pramiti and Brahman from the higher standpoint. The teachers of Advaita Vedanta hold that the relationship between a pramana and a prameya is real from the lower standpoint. In Advaita epistemology prama nacaitanya is called vrtticaitanya. According to Dharmaraja, vrtti means modification of mind in respect of the object of cognition [prameya kara). In visual perception of the jar mind goes out of the body through the eye, reaches the jar and takes the form of the jar. Dharmaraja gives an example of visual perception only. But other teachers of Advaita Vedanta admit two types of antahkaranavrtti - pratyaksavrtti and paroksavrtti. In Advaita Vedanta epistemology, the four factors, namely pramatr, prameya, pramana and pramiti- are conditioned consciousness, which are real in the lower level of existence. All forms of worldly and Vedic behaviors that are connected with valid means of cognition and objects of cognition are illusory (adhyasika). Notably, the teachers of Advaita Vedanta refuse to accept any relationship between pramiti and Brahman, but they admit the relationship, between pramana and Brahman. They deny brahmajnana, but they admit brahmakara antahkaranavrtti, which is secondarily called brahmajnana. After a careful analysis it comes to light that in Advaita scheme a knowable object (prameya) is related with both pramana and prameya from the lower standpoint whereas Brahman is exclusively related with pramana from higher standpoint.

This study examined the role of an international Agency (USAID) and Democratic Election; A Prognosis to the role of Security Personnel in Nigerian 2015 Elections. USAID and other international Agencies have relentlessly assisted both the emerging and consolidating democracies such as Nigeria, in conducting free and fair elections via provision of some forms of technical assistance so as to achieve credible elections and ensure improved governance but in spite of all these, events and happenings from developed democracies and across the globe have shown that the vitality of election security to the credibility of elections cannot be ignored because the conduct of free and fair elections to a large extent depend on the security system available in the country. This study anchored on Elite theory propounded by Paredo and Gaetano with descriptive qualitative method of data collection and Content analysis. It discovered that the fact that consistently undermined democratic consolidation in Nigeria is the varying degrees and measures of electoral violence so it therefore recommends that impartial and unbiased security agencies should be recruited for each election in order to prevent the reoccurrence of electoral violence during each election.

When Nigeria got her independence in 1960 there were high hopes that she would become one of the greatest nations in the nearest future. Those who made this prediction were not wrong because Nigeria has what it takes to become great. In terms of population, it is not just the most populous but also one of the most talented in the continent. In natural resources, very few countries in Africa can boast of the resources the country parades. However, when these endowments are placed side by side with development in the country, the result becomes discouraging. Currently, one may assert that Nigeria is or at the point of becoming the poverty capital of the world looking at the rate her citizens are fleeing to other countries in search of greener pastures. Using the method of documentation and conceptual analysis, this study examines why Nigeria has not been able to translate its potentials into development indexes. The investigation centres around two research questions: 1) what is the relationship between the lack of development in Nigeria and electoral malpractice and 2) is Nigeria’s inability to translate its potentials to development caused by executive abuse of powers. The paper discovered that moral decadence in the form of electoral malpractice and executive recklessness are the root causes of Nigeria’s political and economic backwardness. It recommended the formation of an enlightened populace who will not only reject but also fight these two ills through civil resistance as the philosopher’s stone that will save Nigeria.

This research aims to examine the impact of gadget use in early childhood school YPJ Tembagapura.The type of research used in this study is qualitative research. The sampling techniques used in this study used random sampling. Techniques for collecting data by observation interview, and documentation. The results of the study obtained by the authors divide into 2 (two) parts namely positive impacts and negative impacts: The positive impacts include increasing children s knowledge building and training childrens creativity, facilitating communication, and expanding friendship networks. The use of gadgets should have helped children in their daily lives especially in finding data and information to do schoolwork and as a means of entertainment from the features provided in the gadgets at this time Indonesia is facing Covid-19 so that the method Learning at Paud YPJ Tembagapura School online, where parents are obliged to facilitate children to use Gedget. While the negative impact, among others, children become dependent on gadgets, so that in carrying out all their life activities children become difficult to interact with the surrounding environment. Excessive use of gadgets can interfere with eye health, Fine Moto Feet: (The nerve muscles of the feet are not trained so that children are tired faster to walk not far, feet become stiff, footrests palms are less precise feet easily hurt) Fine Motor Hands: The nerve muscles of the hands are not trained so: The muscles of the fingers limp less strong, the muscles of the fingers are less strong Children have difficulty making provisions to eat and drink, Children have difficulty opening the lid of markers glue Children have difficulty cutting paper, Children have difficulty opening toy containers, Children do less activity More done by parents) children become lazy to move and move and prefer to play with their gadgets rather than playing with friends.

Managing competencies have been becoming the most important concern of the deans in the universities as the higher education of Vietnam has considerably integrated into the world’s education with quite a few challenges from within. This research represents the results of how organizational activities of the retraining for the deans in the universities have been carried out by questioning people working in some of the higher education institutions. Findings show that management competencies’ retraining has achieved many achievements, but there are some actions that could be taken to improve the quality of this activity these days.

This research aims to describe and analyze the actions of teachers in the development of the religiousness of visually impaired students in SLB Kuncup Mas Banyumas. This type of research is field research with a qualitative approach. The subjects of the study were blind classroom teachers, principals, parents or guardians of students, and blind students. The analysis techniques used are qualitative descriptive with stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusions. Data collection uses interview observation techniques and documentation. The results showed that teacher learning actions that support the development of student religiousness can be categorized into four important parts, namely teacher structuring, teacher soliciting, student responding, and teacher reacting. Teacher structuring is manifested by the behavior of praying and praising the greatness of Allah SWT. Teacher soliciting is manifested with teachers appearing very friendly and humanist. Student response is indicated by some students who carry out tasks given by teachers and some others delay assignments. And teacher reacting is shown by providing punishment that educates by communicating with parents or siblings, and putting forward praise for a conducive learning process.

This paper examines the impact of undecided voters in elections campaigns in Israel. The question asked here is if undecided voters can break the political dead-lock which became evident in four consecutive elections in just two years – between 2019 and 2021. The paper argues that the crucial role of undecided voters is the result of four main developments. The first is the multi-party parliamentary system, which allows the voters to swing between different parties and influence on handful of options to form coalition government. The parliamentary system emphasizes the excessive and crucial role of small parties to determine who will be in power – which means that they are in a position to impose their extreme ideology on the entire society. The second is that participation in elections is constantly declining, increasing the impact of motivated voters who follow the campaigns closely before making their final decision. The fact that this audience is persuaded by specific events and not by ideology or social identity allows to maximize the impact of their vote. The third is related to technological and cultural changes. Digital and social media have become popular among Israeli young people and first time voters, allowing them to promote new social and political behavior and bypass the censorship of traditional media and the traditional ideology of non-first time voters and the old political establishment.

The research investigates into the speaking difficulties of fourth – year students at Thai Nguyen University. The goals of the research are to find out what linguistic difficulties and psychological difficulties do EFL learners at Thai Nguyen University face when speaking English. Quantitative method was used as the main method of this study. A total of 150 students were chosen as participants of the study. Due to the impact of Covid-19, data were collected through online survey in two weeks. The research discovered three linguistic difficulties (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary) and three psychological difficulties (attitude, anxiety and motivation). The findings of the study revealed that students tend to encounter linguistic difficulties than psychological difficulties. The most common problem is grammar incompetence, followed by vocabulary and anxiety. Furthermore, the outcome of the study indicated that EFL learners at Thai Nguyen University do not have pronunciation difficulty. The findings also show that students have positive attitudes, high levels of motivation toward speaking English. In addition, the researcher has proposed some recommendations for both teachers and students to reduce these speaking difficulties.

This article describes the institution of the mentor which facilitates contact and support from the peer and thus helps to reduce feelings of isolation and loneliness. It was also emphasized that the mentor provides professional and emotional support and thus helps reduce feelings of anxiety and frustration. It boosts self-confidence and self-esteem, as it provides rich opportunities for reflection on the new role and awareness of the strengths and weaknesses that need strengthening and improvement. Reference was also made to the role of coach. The training as mentioned concerns a method that belongs to the same category of practical methods as the institution of the mentor. The in-school mentoring process as referred to in this article includes goal-oriented learning practices between two individuals that lead to behavior change so mentor and coach training programs can offer valuable services at relatively low cost to the state and quite high benefit for education.

This research aims at studying syncretic properties of participles, and exploring their polyfunctional realization. It is a comparative study of participles in Uzbek and English languages, that belong to different language families, the Altaic and the Indo-European correspondingly, and perhaps, therefore, the studied units in Uzbek are contextually oriented, and in English, they are inherently oriented. The research employs a qualitative method using comparative and componential analyses. The samples in the study are taken from written sources. The findings of the research proves that participles, as being non-finite forms of the verb and therefore considered syncretic units, perform various functions depending on the context they occur. This polyfunctional realization is characteristic to the both languages, although, several functions of participles in the one language are different from participles in the other language.

Anthropometry is a term that describes body dimensions such as height, weight, circumference and folds . In mastering the somersault sepaktakraw smash technique, there are dominant anthropometric parts. The purpose of this study was to determine the anthropometric factors that determine the ability of the sepaktakraw somersault smash. This research method uses a quantitative approach with a confirmatory factor analysis design. The data to be collected will be processed and analyzed using the Computerized Statistics Program with the SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) version 23 system and using the Kaiser Meyer-Olkin and Barlett s Test. The population in this study were all male sepak takraw athletes from Central Java in the smash position, totaling 73 athletes. The sampling technique used was purposive random sampling as many as 15 athletes. The results of this study are anthropometric factors that determine the ability to smash the sepaktakraw somersault or those with a component value of > 0.5 are body weight with a value of 0.923, height with a value of 0.911 and foot length with a value of 0.772. The conclusion in this study is that the dominant anthropometric factors that determine the ability to smash some somersault sepaktakraw are body weight, height and foot length.

Idanna s work is very significant to understand that there were many things that had been contributed to understand the dynamics of the Balinese communities by highlighting the role of Anak Agung Made Djelantik in the period. One aspect that has been contributed to our understanding is about to what extend the role of a Balinese prince in the context of social, cultural, economic, political changes that occurred in the past time, though in the context of a macro and national level, it is argued that there were several Balinese palaces were joined with the colonial regimes.

The issue considered in this article is whether the United States is prepared adequately to address the cyber activities of the Taliban in the future in light of the recent American departure from Afghanistan. The first section defines and discusses cyber espionage, cyber sabotage, cyber terrorism, and cyber warfare. The following section outlines the notion of network-centric warfare and its relationship to the various cyber-attacks. The third section contains a brief history of the Taliban, cumulating in assessing the current political situation in Afghanistan. The paper s final section describes what adequate preparedness means for individuals, corporations, and the government. The paper concludes that the Taliban are not likely to be a cyber threat to the United States in the short term. However, as time progresses and the Taliban consolidates their political power, effectively defeating the Islamic State and insurgents in Panjshir, the United States will likely experience cyber attacks from the Taliban.

The independence of the judicial power is one of the main pillars of the rule of law, and if this component does not exist, then we can no longer talk about the rule of law. This study aimed to examine the judicial power in the Indonesian criminal justice system as an independent judiciary to enforce law and justice based on Pancasila. This research used doctrinal law research. The sources of legal information were from primary legal materials (relevant regulations and documents) for further qualitative analysis. The approach used was legislation, conceptual, and analysis in helping to solve the problem formulation. The results of the study indicated that judicial power must be free and impartial, this can only be realized if it is subject to the applicable legal rules. If the judicial power does not obey the law, then it will lose its legitimacy and its presence in a country becomes meaningless.

The Universal Peoples Defense and Security System is a defense and security system with components consisting of all potential national powers in order to realize national defense and security. The Universal Peoples Defense and Security System is very important to be optimized to support stronger national resilience. This study aims to examine how to optimize the defense and security system of the universal people through economic resilience. The type of research that will be used by the author in this study is a normative juridical research using a statutory approach. The results of this study are viewed from 3 views, namely Law Number 3 of 2002 which shows the importance of optimizing the main, reserve and supporting components. Law Number 34 of 2004 discusses the importance of optimizing the Army and its inhibiting factors, and Law Number 2 of 2002 discusses the role of Polri in defense and security.

In Uzbek literature, the study of epics of the genre Mantiq ut-tayr is associated with the study of Alisher Navoi s epic Lison ut-tayr and has always been in the spotlight of experts. Mavlono Khoja Qazi Payvandi Rizoi (XVIII acp) was another artist who wrote in Turkish on the theme of Mantiq ut-tayr. The only manuscript of the epic Qush tili ( The Language of Birds) created by him is kept in the fund of the State Museum of Literature named after Alisher Navoi under inventory number 127. In the creation of Rizoi s epic Qush tili( The Language of Birds) the epics of the series Mantiq ut-tayr and the works of Sanai, Ibn Sina, Shahobiddin Suhrawardi, Ahmad Ghazzali were the first sources, The history of Islam, the Quran and the hadiths have served as an important factor in ensuring the originality of the work, the uniqueness of the plot and compositional structure.

This research aims to develop a chemistry teaching material that takes into account the characteristics of the subject and the characteristics of the students. Teaching materials that are designed according to student needs can increase student interest, which, in turn, will increase their learning achievement. The development model chosen is the Dick and Carey model using flip media. The reason for choosing this model is that the Dick and Carey model uses a procedural-system approach in accordance with the characteristics of chemical subjects that are tiered and sequential. The stages carried out in the development of these teaching materials are (1) identifying the objectives of chemistry learning, (2) conducting learning analysis, (3) identifying the initial abilities and characteristics of students, (4) formulating specific learning objectives, (5) preparing assessment instruments, (6) developing learning strategies, (7) developing and selecting learning materials, (8) designing and conducting formative evaluations, and (9) revising learning. The results of field trials showed 84.90% of students and 80% of teachers that the flip learning media were qualified. The odd semester flip chemistry learning media can be used by students and chemistry teachers of class X SMK Yapalis Krian and can be used by teachers and vocational students by paying attention to product use suggestions, dissemination suggestions, and suggestions for further development.

This article tries to explore and analyse the sensibility and rigidity of caste system which is embedded deep into people’s psyche in India and has proved to be the stumbling block of social justice and human rights. The article also attempts to review the work of some of the scholars, which shows how opting for another religion gave the sufferers a chance of fair deal and opportunity to live with honour and self respect.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the relay on improving the teambuilding of high class students with special needs at State SLB Sidomulyo South Lampung. The author uses a pre experimental design type of one group pretest – posttest design. It is said to be a pre experimental design, because this design is not yet a real experiment. With a population of 28 high school students, consisting of 7 deaf students, 17 mild mentally retarded, and 1 quadriplegic, and 3 blind students. Covers aspects of caring, responsibility, and cooperation. After the initial test, students are given relay training in accordance with the training program that has been made, then a final test is carried out. Based on data analysis, the t-count value is 14,702 and the t-table value (n-1) = (7-1) with a two-way test, = 0.05, the t-table value = 2.447. Because t count = 14,702 > t table = 2,447 it can be concluded that Relay with relay running game is effective in improving the teambuilding of students with special needs in high class at State SLB Sidomulyo South Lampung

This paper examines the challenges or difficulties faced by the Christian Women Fellowship (CWF) Movement of the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon (PCC) in Nso, Bui Division of the North West Region of Cameroon. From its inception, the movement faced a lot of challenges in the Nso area in its evangelization drives although several successes were registered. The CWF has been actively involved in spiritual and socio-economic activities which have affected more positively the lives of women in particular and the entire community in general. The spiritual activities helped to strengthen its members in their Christian faith and the socio-economic lessons also empowered the women to become self-reliant. To carry out this work we use data collected from both the primary and secondary sources. Primary data were mostly collected from archival material and oral interviews conducted with some CWF officials and CWF members alike in the Bui Presbytery. Those interviewed were mostly between the ages of 40 and 80. This choice was dictated by the desire for reliability as most of them lived and experienced some of these challenges personally. Secondary data were collected from documented sources obtained through the use of books. The necessity for interviews was created by the lacunae exposed by archival material and secondary sources. It was realized that despite the successes registered, this group faced challenges such as poor road infrastructure, financial difficulty, cultural constraints, administrative bottlenecks and misconduct of some of its members.

Global figures and reports by UNESCO indicate that 90% of the world’s languages are endangered. Kigiriama not being a minority language may attract little or no attention in terms of language shift and maintenance investigation. However, in spite Kigiriama having an estimated number of 600, 000 speakers and the trend at the moment is that many of its speakers and especially the youth are shifting to the use of Kiswahili language in many domains raises questions on the concept of language shift and maintenance. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate on language maintenance mechanisms of Kigiriama language. The study employed Fishman’s Domain theory and Holmes’ theory on language maintenance. The study employed descriptive survey research design. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. The findings of the study reveal that language maintenance in Kigiriama language is done at family domain, community domain, and media domain and through language planning policy. The study concludes that language the use of Kigiriama language in both formal and informal will enhance language maintenance efforts of indigenous languages.

Technology in education has become an important tool for teachers to disseminate or share their knowledge with students. Incorporating Content, Pedagogy and Knowledge (TPACK) skills can benefit teachers and studenrs in increasing their teaching and learning in this classroom. There were many studies done on teachers TPACK and their categorization but very few in the Malaysian context. This study aimed to explore the Malaysian context, in particular the state of Penang of Teachers TPACK on Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) during the 3rd wave of the Covid-19 pandemic. This study employed a qualitative exploratory research design with sample of five teachers. The results indicated that TPACK on TEL discovered attributes that teachers revealed to enhance their teaching and learning processes and serves as an indicator on the types and use of technology in the classroom. The study could also provide information on teachers’ TPACK attributes in improving students grasping of science concepts. In the future these attributes can be extended and compared with pre-service teachers to give a better overview on teachers’ TPACK and their use of technology in education.

This study aims to identify and analyze the implementation of defense industry policies in supporting national economic growth. The research method used is literature review research with a descriptive approach. The results of the study show that the defense industry has contributed to national economic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. This refers to the active role of the defense industry, which does not only focus on the defense of the national border area, but also becomes the support and solution for national economic defense. In addition, the policies implemented to encourage national economic development have multiple effects on the surrounding community, where this will contribute to morale and mobilization contributions from the defense industry to encourage the growth of broad economic awareness.

Introduction: This study aimed to meta-analyze the influential play therapy studies on behavioural disorders in children in Iran. Method: The analysis of the present research method uses internal and external databases to find and collect all research reports. The sample used included 22 studies conducted from 1997 to 2013, including 637 subjects. The data from these 22 studies were meta-analyzed by the standardized effect size difference method or Cohen d for the fixed effects model. All statistical operations were performed using the second edition of comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results: The results showed that the average effect size of the studies is 0 434 for the fixed effects model and 0 477 for the random effects, both of which are significant. Because the effect sizes were heterogeneous, moderators were searched. The results showed no significant difference between the effect size of the studied studies according to the research design and the gender of the subjects. However, there was a substantial difference between the effect of studies on the effectiveness of play therapy on children s behavioural disorders according to the subject s age, the type of independent variable and the number of play therapy sessions. Conclusion: Holding play therapy sessions ultimately and in multiple sessions and at a young age can improve more behavioural disorders in children.

The central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) conceptualized the idea of Cashless Economy in 2011 as part of its blueprint to drive economic development and modernise our payment system in line with the Nation’s Vision 2020 goal of being amongst the twenty most developed economies by the year 2020. The Apex bank of Nigeria then came up with a cashless policy with the view of pegging the amount of physical cash to be withdrawn or deposited at a time in commercial banks. The pilot scheme kick started in Lagos, Kano, Anambra and some other states of Nigeria’s major commercial cities with intention of spreading across all the states of federation and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It was designed to reduce but not eliminate the amount of physical cash in circulation and encourage more electronic driven transaction channels. A number of researchers agree that this initiative by the CBN is anchored on the fact that an efficient and digitized payment system positively correlates with economic development, which is believed to be a key indicator for economic growth provided that all other factors are constant. This policy involves deployment of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) gadgets through Computer Network Infrastructures. The Policy aims at reducing cost of banking services, improving the effectiveness of monetary policy in managing inflation as well as driving economic growth and development. However, since its inception, the policy has witnessed a number of challenges such as transaction failures resulting from poor network availability, hidden bank charges by commercial banks and cyber crime attacks. This research, therefore, is an opinion paper in which the researcher presents the challenges facing cashless policy in Nigeria and as well as proffer solutions to the identified challenges. A good number of cashless transaction channels were equally discussed and these include Electronic Cards, Automated Teller Machines (ATM), Mobile Banking, Online banking, Point of Sales (POS), and Near Field Communication (NFC). However, they all seem to have a common challenge (Network failures). The study recommends Five Nines availability (Network uptime of 99.999 percent) and Mesh Network design topology amongst others as recommendations.

The purpose of this development research is to produce ecopreneur-based learning modules that are used as teaching materials for students on Biology subjects. This research was motivated by the lack of availability of teaching materials at Sma Negeri 11 Kerinci and the lack of student ability in solving environmental problems and environmental conservation efforts and students had difficulty in analyzing environmental change data. This type of research is Research and Development research. The development model used in this research is the ADDIE model. The ecopreneur-based Biology learning module for class XI students consists of 5 stages including analysis (analyze), design (design), development (develop), implementation (implementation), and assessment (evaluate). Ecopreneur-based Biology learning modules for class XI students are validated by media, material and language experts. Media validation of the developed module obtains a final value (percentage) with a score of 80% with a valid category. Furthermore, the material expert gave a score of 92% with a very valid category and the linguist validation gave a score of 93.3% with a very valid category. The results of the practicality of modules by teachers towards ecopreneur-based Biology learning modules for class XI students obtained an overall average score of 90% with a very practical category. While the results of practicality by students obtained an overall score of 92.8% with a very practical category. The ecopreneur-based Biology learning modules of class XI students reviewed from the learning results scored 79.5% with a very effective category. Thus, ecopreneur-based Biology learning modules for class XI students can be used in Biology learning in High School (SMA) or equivalent.

OHADA is amongst an international organization consists of arbitral tribunal within regions in Africa to deal with international disputes on investment and commercial related. Henceforth, the purpose of the study examines the effectivity of arbitral awards enforcement under the perspectives of OHADA arbitration rules. The study axed through qualitative approach by interpreting legal rules, analyzing cases and commenting the weakness of the charter in terms of enforcement and recognition of arbitral awards. The decision of OHADA arbitral tribunal shall contain intrinsically legal effect to country members, however it leads problematics as the enforcement and recognition rules may be different in every country involved. Hence, the study interpreted the legal rules concerning enforcement and recognition of arbitral awards, effectiveness of the rules. In addition it exerted also the challenges and significant recommendation for improving the arbitration rules on enforcement of arbitral awards. It is found the weakness of the arbitral awards locates on refusal of concerned State to enforce the awards under the domestic law for undefinable conflict of interest.

The process of modernisation is witnessed all around the world. Modernity has impacted every aspect of human life, and this article deals with the impact of Modernity on health in general and childbirth methods in particular. Based on the data from NFHS-3, NFHS-4, and NFHS-5, there has been an increasing trend of institutional delivery and caesarean section delivery in Arunachal Pradesh. The introduction of institutional delivery has been linked with reducing Infant Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Ratio. Fewer women and children are dying during the childbirth process due to the introduction of institutional delivery. However, institutionalisation has inevitably resulted in the Medicalisation of childbirth. Moreover, Medicalisation has led to an increase in caesarean section surgery worldwide. The concept of institutional delivery, which is a product of Modernity, is relatively new in the tribal state of Arunachal Pradesh. This study tries to understand the changing childbirth method in the state by undertaking a qualitative study in the Doimukh and Naharlagun region of Arunachal Pradesh.