The purpose of this study is to investigate the pigging operation, why it is done, the types of pigments available, and its importance in the gas industry. It is important to identify clogs and reopen them, as well as to identify cracks and corrosion in valves and pipes. The main advantages of piglets include the low-cost cleaning of pipelines, the possibility of rapid sampling inside the pipes to detect and test for impurities, the possibility of inspecting pipelines without the need for power outages, and the ability to use PLCs. In water and sewage pipelines, oil and gas, and petrochemical pipelines have a basic application for cleaning and inspection of pipelines. This study reviews the generalities of pig, pipeline operations, and new aspects of recent technologies in this field, including necessity, capacities, challenges, and innovations of pipeline technology in the maintenance and operation of oil and gas pipelines and the other hydrocarbon products, introducing the types of used pigs, factors for selecting the appropriate pig in terms of application, cleaning, inspection and monitoring of pipelines, comparison and applications of smart pigs, and how they work and record problems in pipelines, decontamination. The results of this study indicated that one of the important strategies in the field of reforming and performing the follow-up process can be increased the statistical research in order to develop practical regulations related to the maintenance of pipelines along with the responsibility of production and transmission..

The current research aims to develop a new spectrophotometric method for the determination of zinc(II) and copper(II) using a colorimetric reagent, as murexide ion. The complexation of Zn(II) and Cu(II) with murexide has been studied spectrophotometrically at absorption maxima of 450 and 470 nm for Zn-murexide and Cu-murexide, respectively. The murexide reagent interacts with Zn(II) and Cu(II) instantaneously at pH 7 and pH 5.5, respectively, and the absorbance of the solution is stable for 220 and 120 minutes, respectively. Using Job’s continuous variation method, the stoichiometry of the complexes was found to be 1:2 metal to ligand ratio for Zn and Cu, respectively. The continuous variation approach was used to estimate the stability constants (Kstab) values, which were found to be in the order 1.35x1016 and 2.30x107 for Zn and Cu complexes, respectively. The proposed spectrophotometric methodology established that zinc(II) and copper(II) could be estimated at levels of 0.2-2.0 and 0.5-5.0 ppm, which has molar absorptivity values of 1.95x104 and 6.55x103 l.mol-1.cm-1, respectively. Likewise, the formed complexes were stable at different pH values, allowing the simultaneous estimation of the two metals.

The aim of the present study was to determine the comparative investigation of chemical composition in the leaves of Mangifera indica L. in the region of Kachchh and Saurashtra. Mangifera Indica L. belongs to the anacardiaceae family. The leaves of Mangifera Indica L. were subjected to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and analysed for different mineral compositions. As we know, XRF is one of the most sensitive, accurate, consistent, and non-destructive methods for analysing major and trace elements by using a single pressed pellet. During the analysis, it was found that in kachchh and Saurashtra region, Mangifera Indica L. leaves contain silicon, calcium, potassium, chlorine, sulphur, magnesium, aluminium, and iron were noted in higher amounts compared with that of other elements like strontium, manganese, titanium, bromine, zinc, barium, rubidium, nickel, silver, lead, molybdenum, etc. whereas the elements which were not detected in the leaves of Mangifera Indica L. are sodium, vanadium, uranium, mercury, silver, gold, etc. In comparison of Kachchh and Saurashtra region of Mangifera Indica L. leaves calcium, silicon, potassium, aluminium, phosphorus, and iron were high in the region of Saurashtra rather than the Kachchh leaves and other elements are presented in trace amount.

The current research aims to develop a new spectrophotometric method for the determination of zinc(II) and copper(II) using a colorimetric reagent, as murexide ion. The complexation of Zn(II) and Cu(II) with murexide has been studied spectrophotometrically at absorption maxima of 450 and 470 nm for Zn-murexide and Cu-murexide, respectively. The murexide reagent interacts with Zn(II) and Cu(II) instantaneously at pH 7 and pH 5.5, respectively, and the absorbance of the solution is stable for 220 and 120 minutes, respectively. Using Job’s continuous variation method, the stoichiometry of the complexes was found to be 1:2 metal to ligand ratio for Zn and Cu, respectively. The continuous variation approach was used to estimate the stability constants (Kstab) values, which were found to be in the order 1.35x1016 and 2.30x107 for Zn and Cu complexes, respectively. The proposed spectrophotometric methodology established that zinc(II) and copper(II) could be estimated at levels of 0.2-2.0 and 0.5-5.0 ppm, which has molar absorptivity values of 1.95x104 and 6.55x103 l.mol-1.cm-1, respectively. Likewise, the formed complexes were stable at different pH values, allowing the simultaneous estimation of the two metals.

Previous studies have investigated the safety of the food/drug additive, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural including its albumin binding which might impact on its biodistribution and toxicity. In contrast, the safety assessment of its major degradant, di (5-furfural) ether (OMBF) is often neglected despite having been detected at concentrations in excess of HMF in parenteral solutions. The aim of this study was to compare the albumin binding characteristics of OMBF with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. OMBF was synthesized by thermal dehydration of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and characterized by using spectroscopic and mass spectral techniques. The binding characteristics of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and OMBF with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were elucidated by using UV-visible spectroscopy, molecular docking, and semi-empirical calculations.Photometric titrations with OMBF revealed more pronounced perturbations in the UV-visible spectra of BSA and binding constants that were 51% greater than those of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that the OMBF binding to albumin was spontaneous and hydrophobic interactions were the main forces responsible for complex stabilization. Docking studies showed that the superior binding affinity of OMBF was due to its higher C/H ratio which facilitated an extensive network of six hydrophobic interactions with Tyr149, Leu237, Ala290, Ile289, and Arg194 residues of BSA Site I compared with only two hydrophobic interactions in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural complex. Analysis of the multi-point hydrogen bonded complexes by using PM6-D3H+ method revealed the interaction energy of OMBF-BSA complex was 1.5 folds greater than 5-hydroxymethylfurfural-BSA.The study confirmed an increased avidity and stability in the complexation of albumin with OMBF compared with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Stricter limits control of OMBF in heat-processed foods/drugs is necessary

Ever-increasing population, rapid urbanization, and industrialization have critically deteriorated the urban soil quality. This study was conducted to assess the ecological risk of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in four different land-use urban soils viz, commercial area (CA), heavy traffic ring roadside (HT), residential area (RA), and agricultural farm (AF) of Kathmandu District, Nepal. For this purpose, concentrations of the five heavy metals (HMs) were determined by using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS), in a total of 31 soil samples collected from all four land uses. Pollution indices such as contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (CD), pollution load index (PLI), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), ecological risk factor (ER), and potential ecological risk (PER) were used to assess the ecological risk posed by the HMs. The overall mean concentrations for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb were 0.98, 137.1, 79.80, 100.00, and 72.3 mg/kg, respectively, and were found 2-4 times greater than the background values. The statistical analysis revealed a poor correlation of the HMs against pH and total organic carbon (TOC) suggesting little influence on HMs contamination. Results also showed the highest concentrations of the HMs in HT soils among the land use types. Ecological risk assessment revealed CF (0.42-5.06) and CD (7.83-15.72) values as indicators for low to considerable, and moderate to considerable risks respectively, in soils of all land uses under the present investigation. Whereas the PLI values (1.12-2.96) corresponded to the polluted urban soils, the Igeo values (0.08-1.02) indicated an unpolluted to the moderately polluted class of soil contamination in all the land-uses. Likewise, the ER (0.91- 114.90) and PER (113.97-170.14) values pointed out that all the land use urban soils were exposed to a class of low to considerable, and moderate to considerable risks, respectively. Among the HMs, Cd, and Pb posed a comparatively high ecological risk for soils of all land uses and the estimated indices indicated HT as the most vulnerable land use suggesting immediate control measures.

Cycloeucalenol (CEU) was the major composition of the Benue Propolis extracts identified via proton NMR. The corrosion inhibition behaviour of this extracts on carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl was investigated by using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and computational methods. The results obtained revealed that the inhibition efficiency increased with an increase in inhibitor concentration, but decreased with increase in temperature. Impedance measurement showed that charge transfer was responsible for the corrosion process. The charge transfer resistance (R2) increased with concentration of the inhibitor as opposed to the double layer capacitance (Cdl) which decreased. The values of the Gibbs free energy (?G°) indicated a spontaneous adsorption of the extract components on the metal surface. The physically adsorbed propolis extract onto the carbon steel surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The HOMO map shows the electron cloud situated in the C=C sp2 group, and then spread across the three consecutive cyclohexane rings and their substituents. From the Fukui function indices calculations, CEU is discovered to have its site for nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks each at one of carbon atoms of the alkene group in the molecule. The results have demonstrated that the composition of Benue propolis is active inhibitor of corrosion of carbon steel surface in HCl acidic medium.

Cotton is an important fiber crop and used to produce fibers and oil. Evaluating morphologic traits of cotton is very important and can be used for the selection of better cultivars. This study was conducted in the Moghan Agricultural Research Station affiliated with the Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Iran. In this study, 35 cultivars of cotton were evaluated for fiber-and yield-related traits during two consecutive years. We found that fiber quality and seed cotton traits were significantly affected by plots and cultivars over two years. Among the cultivars, the highest number of the bolls, boll weight, first picking yield, total yield, fiber strength, fiber traction, and fiber percentage were 24.5 g, 6.30 g, 3454 kg/ha, 5431 kg/ha, 34.5 g/tex, 7.30%, and 45.80% observed in cultivar Shayan, while the second picking yield, earliness percentage, and fiber fineness were 2323.3 kg/ha, 73.5%, and 4.55 µg/in obtained in cultivars Varamin, Avangard, and Armaghan, respectively. Based on the ward’s cluster analysis, the cotton cultivars were grouped into three different clusters. The cultivars in Cluster 3 including Nazilli, No.228, No.200, B557, Armaghan, Golestan, and Shayan are superior in terms of their number of the boll, boll weight, earliness percentage, fiber percentage, fiber length, fiber fineness, fiber strength, fiber traction, and yield performance.