The process of Nokhodchi (roasted chickpea) production includes raw chickpea preparation, First Heat Treatment (FHT), Second Heat Treatment (SHT), Moisture Treatment (MT) and Dehulling and Roasting Treatment (DRT) , respectively. In this study; Time-dependent mechanical behavior of chickpeas under pressure load has been studied based on rheological theories. According to the results of the research, it was determined that the modulus and time of stress relaxation increased from raw chickpea phase to FHT, but decreased from FHT to SHT. It was determined that the module and time of stress relaxation, increased from MT phase to Nokhodchi phase. The volume of Nokhodchi increased by 20% compared to the raw chickpea and showed a lower resistance. The results showed that during the roasting process the crude fat increased, resulting in an increase in the nutritional quality of Nokhodchi.

This research; it was carried out under the main product conditions in order to determine the yield and yield components of some peanut varieties in the eastern passage region. Gazipasa, Batem-5025, Cihangir, Florispan, NC-7, Georgia Green, Sultan, Halisbey, Arioglu-2003 and Osmaniye-2005 were used in the experiment. In research, which was established in three repetitions according to the Randomized Complete Block Design, significant differences were detected in the statistical analysis regarding the features. As a result of the research; plant height 14.83-29.60 cm, branch number 5.10-7.96 piece/plant, 100 fruit weight 96.00-251.00 g, yield 352.01-553.45 kg da-1, internal rate 55.81- 72.98% and number of fruit per plant 35.04-70.66 piece/plant were showed change between. The highest yield was obtained from Cihangir variety with 553.45 kg da-1, while the lowest yield was obtained from Gazipasa variety with 352.01 kg da-1.

The pruned plants provide aesthetic and functional benefits to the places where they are used in planting design. The aim of this study is to determine the pruned species, pruning varieties and functional benefits of pruned plant species in planting design in 9 parks in the city center of Antalya. The material of the study is consist of 9 parks with 3 different statuses, including the neighborhood park, the district park and the city park, located in the central districts of Konyaalti and Muratpasa, Antalya. Pruned plant species used in planting designs in parks, pruning varieties, their usage places and functional benefits they undertake were determined by observations in parks. It has been determined that the number of pruned plant species in 9 parks is 56 and 12 of them are consist of tree, 40 of them are bushes and 4 of them are consist of climbing plant species. In general, it was determined that bushes formed the majority of pruned species as both species and number of individuals used. It has been found that species are used for more shape and rejuvenation pruning and pruned species are mostly used on the edge of the park walkways, green spaces in the park, around the plastic elements and ornamental pool edges. When the pruned species were evaluated in terms of the functional benefits they provided, it was revealed that they undertook the most limitation and orientation.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between bud size and low temperature exotherm (LTE) formation in dormant period of grapevines. For this purpose, primary and secondary buds of Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) and 53 Pazar 01 (Vitis labrusca) genotypes which are known to have differences between the bud structure and size, were examined separately. In the study carried out in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 dormant periods, low temperature exotherms were determined by Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) method in order to determine the freezing point of the buds. Dormant buds of grapevine size were determined by microscopic imaging of the sections taken after histological procedures. It was demonstrated by the DTA test that the buds with different histological structures had different character and number of LTE. In this study, it was determined that bud samples belonging to Vitis vinifera L. form exotherm at lower temperatures than bud samples belonging to Vitis labrusca species. For both genotypes, it was determined by the histological determinations that the primary buds had a larger structure than the secondary buds. In the study, it was found that the buds with an area less than 0.010 mm2 did not produce LTE. As a result of the study, it was found that the bud structure and size were effective on LTE formation of grapevine dormant buds.

Calmodulin binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) are well-characterized in the plants. The CAMTA gene family plays an important role in a variety of biological processes, such as resistance to diseases or response to biotic and abiotic factors. In this study, 7 CAMTA genes were identified in the Sorghum bicolor L. genome and expression profiles of Sobic-CAMTA genes in root and shoot tissues were analyzed. The molecular weight and length of Sobic-CAMTA proteins ranged from 95.22 kDa (Sobic-CAMTA-6) to 114.86 kDa (Sobic-CAMTA-5) and 845 (Sobic-CAMTA-6) to 1030 (Sobic-CAMTA-5) amino acids, respectively. Estimated number of exons determined among Sobic-CAMTA genes was between 10 and 13. The isoelectric points ranged from 5.55 (Sobic-CAMTA-5.) to 8.36 (Sobic-CAMTA-4). Sobic-CAMTA-2/Sobic-CAMTA-3 tandem duplicated genes, while Sobic-CAMTA-3/Sobic-CAMTA-5 and Sobic-CAMTA-6/Sobic-CAMTA-7 were identified as segmentally-duplicated genes. According to the phylogenetic tree, which drawn using CAMTA proteins of S. bicolor L., Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh and Zea mays L., three main groups (A, B and C) were obtained. The expression profiles of Sobic-CAMTA genes were determined by applying different nitrogen sources to different tissues of S. bicolor L. The results of this study would provide important information to understand the molecular structure of the CAMTA transcription factor gene family in sorghum.

Sweet corn is produced for human consumption and its grain quality primarily depends on the genotype. This study was carried out during the 2017 and 2018 seasons, in order to determine the suitable sweet corn varieties for Erzurum, Turkey. A randomized complete block design was used. Ear length (EL), ear diameter (ED), ear weight (EW), 1000-kernel weight (TKW), soluble solid content (SSC), crude protein content (CPC), and grain moisture content (GMC) of the 11 sweet corn varieties were investigated. Significant differences were determined among the varieties in terms of the investigated traits. The highest EL obtained from Khan F1 (19.8 cm), ED from Baron F1 (50.5 mm), EW from Baron F1 (323.5 g), TKW from Signet (358.8 g), SSC at harvest from Tanem F1 (20.3%), and CPC from BATEM Tatli (16.5 %). At seven days post-harvest, the lowest reductions in grain moisture content were determined in Baron F1 both in the field and refrigerator conditions. The lowest losses in SSC both in the field and refrigerator conditions were determined in Khan F1. Based on the results of the two-year research in terms of all the quality traits, Tanem F1 variety can be the first choice for the production for fresh consumption in the Erzurum region.

Calmodulin binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) are well-characterized in the plants. The CAMTA gene family plays an important role in a variety of biological processes, such as resistance to diseases or response to biotic and abiotic factors. In this study, 7 CAMTA genes were identified in the Sorghum bicolor L. genome and expression profiles of Sobic-CAMTA genes in root and shoot tissues were analyzed. The molecular weight and length of Sobic-CAMTA proteins ranged from 95.22 kDa (Sobic-CAMTA-6) to 114.86 kDa (Sobic-CAMTA-5) and 845 (Sobic-CAMTA-6) to 1030 (Sobic-CAMTA-5) amino acids, respectively. Estimated number of exons determined among Sobic-CAMTA genes was between 10 and 13. The isoelectric points ranged from 5.55 (Sobic-CAMTA-5.) to 8.36 (Sobic-CAMTA-4). Sobic-CAMTA-2/Sobic-CAMTA-3 tandem duplicated genes, while Sobic-CAMTA-3/Sobic-CAMTA-5 and Sobic-CAMTA-6/Sobic-CAMTA-7 were identified as segmentally-duplicated genes. According to the phylogenetic tree, which drawn using CAMTA proteins of S. bicolor L., Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh and Zea mays L., three main groups (A, B and C) were obtained. The expression profiles of Sobic-CAMTA genes were determined by applying different nitrogen sources to different tissues of S. bicolor L. The results of this study would provide important information to understand the molecular structure of the CAMTA transcription factor gene family in sorghum.

This study was undertaken to determine the performance of some sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) cultivars at different sowing dates under high altitude conditions. In this research, the seeds of 4 sweet corn cultivars (Zea mays L. var. saccharata cvs. ‘Martha F1, Vega F1, Merit F1 and Sunshine F1’) were used as plant material. It was determined that sowing date has a significant effect on the plant height, cob diameter and length, the number of kernels/cob, husked and de-husked cob weight, and total husked and de-husked cob yield. Due to the delay in sowing date, all examined parameters were reduced. Martha F1 compared to the other cultivars showed the best performance in terms of total husked and de-husked cob yield. The highest total husked (17260 kg ha-1) and de-husked (11818 kg ha-1) cob yield were determined in cv. Martha F1 in the first sowing date in both experiment years. In high altitude production areas such as Erzurum, sowing should be done as early as possible for high yield and quality in sweet corn. According to the results of the research, sweet corn can be produced successfully with sowing on 23 May in Erzurum. Also, all of the cultivars used in this research, especially cv. Martha F1 can be recommended to the sweet corn producer for high yield and quality.

Climate change continues as a threat to smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana, which is arid in nature and prone to draught conditions. Sustainable Land and Water Management (SLWM) technologies have been introduced to smallholder farmers in the area as adaptation strategies to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. Adoption of the SLWM technologies have the potential of reducing the negative impact of climate change, and also improve crop yield. There is a death in knowledge in understanding factors that influence the uptake of the SLWM technologies in Northern Ghana. The study therefore, examined the factors influencing SLWM technology uptake in Northern Ghana. The study was undertaken among 300 smallholder farmers in the three Northern Regions of Ghana through a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were gathered through a survey and a Poisson model was employed to assess the drivers and intensity of adoption. Results showed that factors such as support received, labour, water availability, exposure, access to information and farm size influenced the uptake of the SLWM technologies. The study recommends that policy makers should work towards improving the factors that influence the uptake of the SLWM technologies. It is also important to adopt private-public partnership model in the implementation of the SLWM technologies.

Soil is an important resource for the natural and agro-ecosystems on earth to survive. This study was carried out to determine general characteristics of High-mountain and Grassland soils and to evaluate their land use status in Erzurum-Kars plateau. In total, four soil profiles in pasture and grasslands were defined in Erzurum-Kars plateau; Erzurum (Palandöken/Egerli Mountain, Dumlu/Mescit Mountain) and Kars (Ardahan/Göle, Allahuekber Mountain). Morphological features were defined in the field and soil samples were taken from genetic horizons for characterizing their physical and chemical properties. It was obtained from the evaluation of morphological characteristics and the laboratory results that the soils are medium deep soils having ABC horizons. The parent material of these soils is basaltic material, and while the texture of A horizons of the grassland vegetation soil is clay loam (CL), it was sandy-loam for the soil formed under pasture vegetation. On the average, organic matter content of the A horizon was 14.5% for grassland areas and 8.8% for pasture areas and it significantly decreased with depth. In the plateau, climate, topography and vegetation have led to formation of Chernozem and Chestnut soils. Differences in topography, elevation and climate characteristics had significant effects on soil properties in the research area, which played an important role in plant species and their spread. A large part of the lands in the study area are used as pasture, agricultural lands in the valleys and terraces, shrubs and bare surfaces on the slope and steep areas, and ski and nature sports areas in high parts. The research site lands currently contain very important problems in terms of land use, and therefore, it is important to use these lands appropriately with livestock management plans.

Çanakkale Ili Biga Ilçesinde süt üreticiligi önemli bir tarimsal faaliyettir. Ilçenin toplam hayvansal üretim degeri içerisinde süt üretiminin payi %55,0 civarindadir. Bu arastirmanin amaci Biga Ilçesindeki üreticilerin sütçülük politika ve desteklerine bakis açisinin incelenmesi, bu politikalardan faydalanma düzeylerinin tespiti, bu politikalar hakkindaki bilinç düzeyinin incelenmesidir. Arastirmadan elde edilecek sonuçlarla uygulamada olan politikalarin aksayan yönlerinin tespiti ve bu konuda karar alici ve politika yapicilara bilgi saglanmasi hedeflenmektedir. Arastirmada Biga ilçesinde süt üretiminin en yüksek, orta düzeyde ve en az oldugu köyler seçilmis ve seçilen bu köylerde kooperatif üyesi olan süt üreticileri ile tam sayim yöntemiyle anket yapilmistir. Üreticilerin sosyo-ekonomik durumlarini, özelliklerini, hayvancilik desteklerinden faydalanma durumlarini ortaya koymak amaciyla temel tanimlayici istatistikler kullanilmistir. Üreticilerin örgütlenme durumu, faydalandiklari desteklemeleri ve bunlardan memnuniyet derecesini belirlemek üzere Likert ölçegi kullanilmistir. Mevcut hayvancilik desteklerinden faydalanma durumlarini etkileyen faktörler ise “Lojistik Regresyon” yöntemi ile analiz edilmistir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre genç ve kadin üreticilerin mevcut kirsal kalkinma politikalari çerçevesinde hayvancilik yapmalari konusunda desteklenmeli ve tesvik edilmelidir. Anket yapilan üreticilerin tarimsal örgütlenmeye bakis açisi ve memnuniyet düzeyi tarimsal örgüt faaliyetlerindeki sürekliligin korunmasi geregini ortaya koymustur. Ayrica tarimsal kalkinma kooperatiflerinin yani sira diger örgütlenme modellerinin, özellikle tarimsal üretici birliklerinin etkinlestirilmesi önemlidir. Üretici geliri ile ilgili bulgular incelendiginde tarimin diger sektörlerine göre süt hayvanciligindan elde edilen gelir daha yüksektir. Dolayisiyla bölgede süt isleme tesislerinin artirilmasi ile ortaya çikacak katma deger artisi üretici gelirini daha da artiracaktir. Ayrica üreticilerin hayvancilik politikalari konusunda farkindaligini ve bilinç düzeyini artiracak faaliyetler, politika yapici ve karar alicilarin üretici bakis açisindan yararlanarak uygulamadaki politikalari iyilestirmesine yardimci olacaktir.

The main aim of this study is to determine factors affecting consumers purchasing decision of raw milk. The data of the study were obtained from the face to face surveys conducted with 166 raw milk consumers in the top 10 districts of the province with the highest population in Izmir in 2018. The criteria for consumers purchasing decision of raw milk was analyzed through Fuzzy Pairwise Comparison. According to the results of research, the most important purchasing criterion was taste. The other criteria, in order of priority were determined as confidence in producer, more suitable for yoghurt and dessert making, raw milk loyalty, and bring the order. In addition, it was determined women were more willing to purchase raw milk from markets, men care less about bad news about raw milk, and women care more about the smell and colour when buying raw milk. These obtined results are supportive of policymakers policy development regarding raw milk and marketing decisions of milk producing companies.

Günümüzde saglikli ve dengeli beslenme için hayvansal ürünler hayati bir öneme sahiptir. Hayvansal ürünlerin elde edilmesinde özellikle çiftlik hayvanlarinin fonksiyonlarinin ve ihtiyaçlarinin iyi belirlenip, yüksek miktarda ve kaliteli ürün vermeleri için yeterli ve dengeli beslenme kosullarinin saglanmasi gerekmektedir. Ülkemiz çayir-mera varligi 14.6 milyon ha’dir. Dogu Anadolu Bölgesi ise 5.5milyon ha ile ülkemiz çayir-mera alanlarinin %37.53’nü olusturmaktadir. Ülkemiz 14.9 milyon Hayvan Birimi (HB)’ne karsilik büyükbas (%74.19), 5.1 milyon HB’ye karsilik küçükbas (%25.31), 98.733 HB’ye karsilik tek tirnaklilar (%0.50) olmak üzere toplamda 20.1 milyon HB degeri hayvan potansiyeline sahiptir. Bitkisel üretim içerisinde yem bitkileri üretiminden yaklasik 13.1 milyon ton ve çayir-mera alanlarindan ise 10.3 milyon ton, toplamda ise üretilen kaliteli kuru ot miktari ise yilda 23.4 milyon ton’dur. Elde edilen kuru ot miktari ve hayvan varligimiz degerlendirildiginde ortaya çikan kaba yem açigi 68.4 ton seklindedir. Bu açigin kapatilmasinda besleme degeri düsük yemlerin degerlendirilmesi yeterli gelmemektedir. Ülkemizde kaliteli kaba yem açigini kapatabilmek için planli ve programli çalismalar yapilmali, her bölgeye uygun yem bitkisi tür ve çesitler üzerine arastirmalarin tesviki ve yem bitkilerine uygulanan desteklerin artarak devaminin saglanmasi gerekmektedir.

In this study, the crosses by line x tester (18 hybrid combination) between six bean lines (PV04035, PV04086, PV04092, PV04145, PV05001 and PV05023) and commercial dry bean cultivars (Great Northern 59 and Alberto) and one runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) were made in 2017. The F1 hybrids together with the parents were evaluated in fully-automated plant breeding greenhouse of Selcuk University in 2018. Measurements, counts and weightings were determined plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, hundred-seed weight and plant seed yields of the parents and hybrids. For investigated traits, line x tester analysis method was employed to determine general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA), heterosis and heterobeltiosis values, broad and narrow sense heritability among the investigated traits of the parents and hybrids.In the study, general combination ability of PV04145 and Phaseolus coccineus L. lines is high in seed yield. The specific combining abilitiesof the “PV05023 x P. coccineus L.” were found to be high. In the seed yield, heterosis values were determined as -11.97% (PV05001 x P. coccineus L.) and 39.35% (PV04086 x Great Northern 59). The fact that the analyzed material shows heterosis in terms of seed yield and the average yield values are high, it shows that this material can meet the needs of high yielding variety candidates in terms of the Central Anatolia Region.

The study was conducted to determine crude protein yield and some quality traits of different silage corn varieties (Samada-07, Arifiye, Sakarya, ADA-9510, ADA-9516, ADA-523, AGA, Kerbanis, Keravnos, Kolessous, Simpatico, Kilowatt, Kalideas, Larigal, SY-Antex, SY-Inove, SY-Gladius and Dragma) in the ecological conditions of Bilecik during the two years (2019-2020). The experiments were arranged in randomized blocks design with three replications. In the silage corn varieties harvested at dough stage and, crude protein content, crude protein yield, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) content were investigated. According to the results of two years; crude protein content ranged between 6.58-9.84%. The highest crude protein yield was determined Samada-07 (353.64 kg/da), Sakarya (287.80 kg/da), ADA-9510 (288.12 kg/da), ADA-9516 (340.45 kg/da), AGA (294.41 kg/da), SY-Inove (285.36 kg/da) and SY-Gladius (315.44 kg/da), while the lowest was Simpatico (207.35 kg/da). The ADF ve NDF ratios ranged between 29.28-42.69% and 46.65-67.23%, respectively. The mineral content of corn varieties for silage was at a level to meet the needs of the livestock. As a result; Sakarya, ADA-9510, ADA-9516, SY-Inove, and SY-Gladius varieties have exhibited superior performance in terms of protein yield and quality traits.