The research about analysis of characterization of lightning events in kupang city area and their correspondence with rainfall. The total rainfall for the city of Kupang in 2013 is 1,956 mm, 2014 by 1,402 mm, 2015 by 1,324 mm and in 2016 the total rainfall is 920 mm. From the analysis of rainfall per year for the city area Kupang obtained that in general Kupang city has a type of monsoonal rain pattern. The CG of 2013 is 61,852 strikes, 2014 of 234,452 strikes, 2015 of 109,915 CG strikes, 2016 of 118,753 strikes. Based on data processing spread of CG to Kupang City area from year 2013-2016 obtained that the area that happened many lightning strike every year is Oebobo area. Correlation value (r) between CG lightning and rainfall in each year is obtained in 2013 of 0.859, 2014 correlation value of 0.787, 2015 of 0.914, and in 2016 of 0.809. Based on the results of correlation test it can be concluded that the relationship between rainfall and CG strikes in the city of Kupang has a direct relationship.

Studies have been conducted about the influence of El Nino on Rain the province which consists of 23 Zones the Season and analyzed based on Rain data for the last seven years the incidence of El Nino against Normal data for 30 years. The purpose of this studyis to determine the effect of El Nino to the Beginning of the Rainy Season, Long Rainy Season, Precipitation of the Rainy Season and the Nature of the Rain. The method used in this research is the comparative method or comparison and Analysis of precipitation is the year of El Nino on the seven times genesis against the Normal Rain for 30 years. The results obtained from this research is that in the event of El Nino, most of the ZOM in NTT with the Beginning of the Rainy Season is more bacward than Normal, the Period of the Rainy Season is horter than Normal and precipitation is reduced from the Normal and the Nature of Rain to be Below Normal.this is because in the event of El Nino, monsoons coming from the Southest bring the water vapor that a lot of most of the turn toward the coast of Peru. The influence of El Nino to the Beginning of the Rainy Season which is backwards from Normal, the Period of the Rainy Season is shorter than Normal and the Nature of the Rainfall Below Normal from the 23 Zones in the province in the years of El Nino are varied and ZOM that influence the incidence of El Nino is not fixed.

An automated control system of pH value and temperature monitoring of an aquarium had been designed. For pH value measurement, E -201C type pH sensor had been used, while the temperature monitoring is done using DS18620 one wire temperature sensor. Controlling processing of pH is done by adding liquid of pH up and pH down and realized with solenoid valve. The aim is to control pH value of water in aquarium and giving information about temperature monitoring. This system had been inputted standard pH value and temperature to all variant of fishes. It works systematically to adapt on environment of the fishes by the needs. The system is able to work well if the controlling of pH value showed the condition up or down and water is able to flow to adapter tube. if the value shows that the pH is high then controlling liquid of pH up will be flowing while if pH is low then pH down will be flowing. This system had been tested to maintain the environment condition of fishes and showed by measuring of pH and temperature is 7.48 – 7.8 and 28.87– 29.55 0C.

An interpretation of rock types has been done using geomagnetic method in the area of ??accumulated groundwater in Bena Amanuban Selatan. The purpose of this study was to determine the mapping of subsurface magnetic anomalies and the pattern of rock distribution around the accumulated groundwater area. Data acquisition using Proton Precession Magnetometer (PPM) type GSM-19T. The results of field data measurements in the form of total magnetic field value and daily variations are processed and interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative interpretation shows three patterns of anomalies, namely high anomalies, moderate and low. High anomalies (about 105 nT to 140 nT) in the south and southwest are thought to be clay and limestone. Moderate anomalies (about 70 nT to <105 nT) that dominate the study sites are suspected clay and sandstone. Low anomalies (about 40 nT to <70 nT) in the eastern part are suspected of limestone and sandstone. Quantitative interpretation shows the suspected aquifer rock structure of sandstone has a susceptibility of 6.7 x 10-5 – 3.56 x10-4 at a depth of 22.8 m as well as a water-grinding limestone with the susceptibility of 5.792 x 10-3 – 9.247 x 10-3 with a depth of 75 m. In addition to these two rocks, there are clay rocks with the susceptibility of 7.28 x 10-4 – 1.063 x 10-3 at depth of 13.8 m.

A research has been done to use multigamma radiaton methods for genetic engineer to local sorgum plants from Niki-Niki Soe in Desa Penfui, Subdistrict Kupang Tengah, Regency Kupang. The purpose of this research is to determine the right dose for the development of local sorgum with high production and to determine the characteristic of the excellent shoot of sorgum plants that radiated by multigamma source also to estimate upgrading production of sorgum plants that have been develop by multigamma radiation. The result of the research shows that the right dose for the preservation of sorgum plants are range around 3000 rads and 4000 rads. The upgrading estimation on local sorgum was shown on the dose of 3000 tads which increased 20,2% differ with the dose of 4000 rads and 2000 rads which each of it increased about 9.92% and 2.38%.

Research has been conducted to examine the radioisotope content in spring water samples in Laleten Village, Weliman District, Malaka Regency. This study aims to determine the interval and the level of mass specific activity of radioisotope content from local drinking water sources and then compared with the standard for contamination levels and the standard for radiation dose thresholds allowed for drinking water requirements (Permenkes RI).The method used in this study is the sampling method. Samples from the fields are heated and dried in the laboratory after which they are counted using a Geiger Muller Detector for 5 minutes. The results of this study indicate the interval of mass specific activity from the sample is 2.363 × 10-5 µCi / gram up to 9.455 × 10-5 µCi / gram. The level of radioisotope contamination at the study site was classified as a medium-alpha radiation and low- beta radiation contamination area. Whereas water sourced from Weliman spring is not suitable for use as drinking water based on the Permenkes RI standard.

Arduino Uno tidal system has been designed using ultrasonic sensors HC-SR04. Ultrasonic sensors function to shave the sea water level. The display of this system is a momentary sea level displayed on the LCD. In addition the results of the system is also a tidal graph designed using Delphi 7 software. This system has been tested for viewing sea levels as well as for displaying tide charts. The tool testing process takes place at DIT POL AIR NTT Pier. The test results show that the system is running quite well. The data shows that two high and low tides occur daily. This is called semi-diurnal tide with the highest peak tide is 164 cm and the lowest tide is 68 cm.

Silica has many applications and therefore research on synthesis of silica from natural resources is important. From their colors, sand from Tablolong dan Koka beach in NTT could have silica with high purity. The aim of the research is to determine silica content in sand from Tablolong and Koka beach to know the potential of the two beaches as silica sources. Sand from the two locations was cleaned, washed and dried at 150 0C for 8 hours. It was then milled for 30 minutes and filtered using 100 mesh filter. After that, it was characterised using XRF and XRD. From the XRF results, silica content in pasir Tablolong was about 34,04% and 38,91% in pasir Koka and was the second largest in terms of compound content, only smaller in percentage than CaO. XRD also confirmed the XRF results, where the dominant phases in the sand were calcite CaCO3 and quartz SiO2. From these results, it can be concluded that sand from Tablolong and Koka beach have potential as natural sources of silica with high purity. Therefore, synthesis of silica with well-known methods such as coprecipitation and alkali-fusion from the two locations is recommended.

This research was conducted to study the design of devices that can-do watering independently. To facilitate this activity, we need to design a system of devices that can water the chili plants independently. This tool aims to replace manual work to be automatic. The benefits obtained from this tool are to facilitate human work in watering chili plants independently. This research was carried out by designing, creating and implementing system components including the microcontroller as a controller, relay driver to blow and turn off the water pump, and LCD (liquid Cristal Display) to display the value of soil moisture. The process of retrieving data in a room by displaying it in LCD with a humidity value of 1%, then the dynamo is ON. This value is obtained from the measurement results using soil moisture tools. Whereas from the measurement results using the humidity sensor yl 69 which was carried out on chilli plants obtained the value of humidity in chili plants 45% - 65%. It can be seen that the results show in accordance with the moisture value of chilli that is allowed, so it can be concluded that the design of the system is running well.

Hydrogen atom adsorption on Graphene cause structural changes. This change affect Graphene charge density. In this simulation the position of Hydrogen atom on the surface of Graphene sheet are varied out, which is on the position directly above the Carbon atom (Top), the position on the middle between two Carbon atoms (Bridge), and the center position of the hexagonal structure (Hollow). The simulation is done by the Density Functional Theory method with a 2x2 size Graphene model. The results obtained showed that Hydrogen atom adsorption chose the Top position as the most balanced compared with the position of Bridge and Hollow. The results from the Top position indicate that electrons from Hydrogen atom are used to bind the Graphene with binding energy of -1.7 eV. The charge density differential indicate the occurrence of electron transfer towards Graphene accompanied by a transformation of the isosurface that are unique for each Hydrogen atom positions with the biggest change is shown in the Top position.

Research about preliminary study on optical properties of gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium) extraction compounds from Kupang region has been done. The purpose of this study was to determine its absorption range, absorption coefficient and energy. The dried gamal leaves are crushed to powder, extracted by maceration, evaporated using an evapotator, then diluted using ethanol solvent. Next the result it is characterized byUV-Vis spectrometer to obtain it absoption spectrum. Based on the analysis result, its absorption range for concentrations 200 ppm, 300 ppm, and 400 ppm is 200 nm to 700 nm.The value of the absorption coefficient at 200 ppm ranges from 0 to 1,093925 cm-1, 300 ppm ranges from 0 to 1,68119 cm-1, and 400 ppm ranges from 0 to 2,227001 cm-1. The energy gap value of 1.831 eV. Based on the value of gap, the compound of gamal leaves extraction results can be classified into semiconductor materials.

The main problem studied in this research was mapping and analizing of mass specific activity of radioisotope content in mineral deposit at Oben Village Baun West Kupang. The aims of research comprise of: to determine radiation counts range of natural radioisotope at several measurement points at field and Laboratory, to determine counts and massa specific activity range of radioisotope content in rocks sample, to map distribution of counts and mass specific activity on area which was reached of field survey, and to estimate contamination level of radioisotope on environment. The methods of research consists of: Observatlion/ surveying, mapping, sampling, analyis, and interpretation. The results of research: The counts range of nuclear radiation of radioisotope at field and laboratory in mineral deposit at Oben Baun West Kupang in succession revolved between 15 cpm up to 93 cpm and 28 cpm up to 92 cpm. The range of mass speciific activity of radioisotope content in 45 rock samples at Oben Baun West Kupang revolved berween 0,099 x 10-5µCi/gram up to 0,316 x 10-5 µCi/gram. The distribution of radioisotope content at Oben Village Baun West Kupang which can be reached survey higher distributed from east direction and inclined decrease to west direction. These distribution still high inclined to nort direction at east part of survey location. Radioisotope contamination on environment still classified low contamination for alpha and beta radaition, and generally radiation counts of radioisotope at the field still to be appropriated with tolerance limit, although was necessary waried several measurement points with radiastion counts exceed of standard.

Mapping of hazard tsunami areas based on estimation of arrival time of wave and land cover in Kupang Regency of East Nusa Tenggara Province using remote sensing application and geographic information system has been done. The aims of this research are to mapping the hazard tsunami area and tsunami vulnerability level in Kupang Regency East Nusa Tenggara according to the estimated arrival time of the wave and land cover as an effort to mitigate the impact of the tsunami disaster on population density. These generally devided into four main phase namely development of database in the form of land cover map , seismic maps and bathymetry maps, data analysis of research results in the form of qualitative vulnerability of each monitoring area according to land cover map and estimated wave arrival time. Presentation of data results in the form of vulnerability level of each map and analysis and results analysis of research the form of vulnerability level of each map and analysis of research results in the form of qualitative vulnerability of each monitoring area according to land cover map and estimated wave arrival time. And then, the impact of tsunami vulnerability is classified according to population density levels for mitigation needs as follows Kupang Timur, Kupang Barat, Sulamu, Amfoang Timur, Semau, Semau Selatan, Amfoang Utara, Amfoang Barat Daya, Amfoang Barat Laut and Fatuleu Barat.

It has designed an automation system to open the roof cover and air humidity controller using Raspberry Pi 3, DC motor, SHT30, limit switch, Fan and Solenoid door lock. The main purpose of the design of this system is to design an open roof telescope automation system and the air humidity control that is inside the telescope house. This system works when it gets input commands from the user either to open the roof, cover the roof, or measure and control the temperature and humidity inside the telescope home. When getting the command open or close the relay will be active so that the motor will open or close the roof. Similarly, when controlling the temperature and humidity of the SHT will measure the temperature and humidity and the measurement results will be displayed on the LCD (Monitor Screen). This automation system works well as expected, both in terms of opening and closing the roof and controlling Temperature and Humidity.

Hydrogen atom adsorption on Graphene cause structural changes. This change affect Graphene charge density. In this simulation the position of Hydrogen atom on the surface of Graphene sheet are varied out, which is on the position directly above the Carbon atom (Top), the position on the middle between two Carbon atoms (Bridge), and the center position of the hexagonal structure (Hollow). The simulation is done by the Density Functional Theory method with a 2x2 size Graphene model. The results obtained showed that Hydrogen atom adsorption chose the Top position as the most balanced compared with the position of Bridge and Hollow. The results from the Top position indicate that electrons from Hydrogen atom are used to bind the Graphene with binding energy of -1.7 eV. The charge density differential indicate the occurrence of electron transfer towards Graphene accompanied by a transformation of the isosurface that are unique for each Hydrogen atom positions with the biggest change is shown in the Top position.

This research is an experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design research design. The purpose of this study was to: (1) Determine whether the use of contextual-based teaching materials has an effect on increasing the understanding of students physics concepts; (2) Knowing the increasing understanding of students physics concepts taught using contextual-based teaching materials is higher than students understanding of concepts taught without using contextual-based teaching materials. The sample of this study was the experimental class XI IPA 7 and control class XI IPA 8 with 30 students in each class at Kupang N 2 SMA. The results obtained that the use of teaching materials has an influence to improve students conceptual understanding of material temperature and heat with an effect value of 70.1% which obtained the value of t = 2.704 and sig = 0.009 on the equal variances assumed column and the variance in the two classes is the same or homogeneous (F = 0.027; sig = 0.869)