In the article, the state legal doctrine of Cicero is stated. He was an unusual politician and an outstanding speaker. His political analysis deserves a special attention to the study of research, to this day, engaged in the study of politics and political science. The legacy of Cicero is very rich and rich in its versatility. The study of the works of Cicero will help us to follow the path to the rule of law and genuine democratic statehood. Cicero is a true Socrates of political science. Political scientists of all universities in the world should study his theoretical legacy.

The article discusses the peculiarities of the life of peasants in the XIX century. During this period, the peasantry played a significant role in the life of Russian society. At the end of the XIX century, peasants accounted for more than 85 percent of the population of the Empire. The population of the peasants from the end of the XVII-th century to the beginning of the XX-th century increased significantly due to natural growth and the acquisition of new territories. The XIX century in the history of the development of the Russian peasantry is a time of great changes and hopes for a bright future. The peasants ceased to be serfs. In addition, the peasants received the rights of "free rural residents", that is, full civil legal capacity in all that corresponded to their specific class rights and obligations, in particular, to acquire land.

In article discusses the causes and consequences of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. The Russian revolution of 1905 played an important role in the transformation of the political system. For several years before 1905, and especially after the humiliating Russian-Japanese war (1904-1905), various social groups showed their displeasure with the Russian social and political system. Their protests ranged from liberal rhetoric to strikes and included student unrest and terrorist killings. A general strike paralyzed the country after «Bloody Sunday». «Bloody Sunday» opens two years of revolution and fights with the government for civil liberties, justice and democracy.

The article analyzes the activities of the Voronezh Society of Naturalists. In November 1918, members of the Yuryev Society of Naturalists at the University of Yuryev (“UOE”) created the Voronezh Society of Naturalists, considering it a successor to the previous, founded in 1853. The revolutionary upheavals and events of the civil war adversely affected the functioning of science. The society suffered significant human losses — part of the teachers left the city including parts of the white armies, the others died of hunger. Replenishment of the numerical strength was due to local scientific and pedagogical personnel. In the article, we characterize the organizational activities of the chairpersons of the society - prominent figures of science such as: B.I. Sreznevsky, N.N. Bogolyubov, B.M. Kozo-Polyansky, I.I. Barabash-Nikiforov and some others members. The main directions of scientific research carried out by the member of the Voronezh Society of Naturalists, are considered. The society made a significant contribution to the scientific, pedagogical and social life of the Central Black Earth region.

The article examines the relationship of church and secular authorities at the present stage in the Russian state. It is shown that, after decades of forced isolation, the Russian Orthodox Church is gradually beginning to take the most energetic part in the moral development of Russian society. Particular attention is paid to the doctrine of the Russian Church, which identifies important principles of spiritual regeneration, which will guide the Church in its relations with government institutions in the future. The scientific problem resolved in the article reveals the need for a historical analysis of the relationship between the Church and society. This helps to determine the meaning and place of the Orthodox Church in the existing moral and social environment, as well as to determine the objective status of the state in the world system in accordance with the principles of the Orthodox faith.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the economic causes of the American Civil War. The subject of the research was an unusually complex set of relations between the North and the South. The article deals with the reasons for the development of separatism and its consequences. Since slavery in the southern states was not the only cause of the Civil War, other major economic reasons are explored. The article deals with the economic benefits and disadvantages of slavery, the depression of 1861, changes in agricultural production and problems of social activity in the northern states. The focus is also on the financing of armies and the economic results of the war.

Human nature is said to be ambivalent. We have clashing reactions, convictions, emotions towards something or somebody. We cherish and dislike, we acknowledge and dissect, we blow hot and cool at the same time and so on. We are comprised of inverse contradictory characteristics. This affect the way we relate with others and environment. The problem of social justice can be seen to emanate from the above. It is due to this problem that government institutions was set up in place to checkmate this excesses. This paper is thusly an endeavor to scrutinize the problem of ambivalent human nature in the light of social justice. The paper contends that for us to ensure social justice, it is important that we rise beyond our ambivalent human nature. This can only be done if we attempt to ‘know ourselves’ as Socrates had advised and also ‘allow the limitation of our being be the source of our joy’.

Africa is on pressure to democratize. A major part of it, is already practicing democracy. Other parts are considering a switch to democracy. But the big question has remained unanswered. Which sort of democracy is best fitted for Africa? Should it be one party system or multi-party system? Opinions of scholars are divided on this. This work using the philosophical methods of hermeneutics, criticisms and analysis shows the merits and demerits of each of these systems of government and concludes that none of them fits well the present socio-political and economic environment of Africa. In the light of this, it recommends the no-party system of government as a veritable alternative to one party and multiparty systems. The no-party system overcomes the weaknesses of both the multiparty and one party systems and thus has a greater potential to lead Africa to its greatest quest - development. It holds the promise of making Africa independent not just in name but also in actuality.

Environmental ethics is an area that investigates the subject of which ethical norms are suitable for governing human relations with the natural environment. The association among humanity and her environment turn out to be an ethical dilemma amid the twentieth century, when accelerated economic and scientific development was convoyed by deep modifications in our global ecological systems. In response, environmental ethics calls for restrictions to this dichotomous association between man and nature. This paper unites the existing literatures on environmental ethics, asking for a move from philosophical postulations to tangible action so as to save our world.

This article examines the problems of capitalist relations in the Russian economy, the influence of capital on state structures, and the development of capitalism in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The problem of the development of capitalism in Russia is viewed from the standpoint of the concept of a revolutionary period. Concrete revolutions should be viewed as a manifestation of the processes of stagnation of the Russian economy. Despite the noticeable development of certain heavy industries and the intensive construction of railways, Russia was inferior to some Western countries in terms of qualitative indicators of economic growth. In Russia, capitalism did not exist in the form of a system, but as a structure that did not have the potential for development. This must be taken into account when assessing the current state of the "capitalist" system in Russia and the prospects for its further development.

The present article is focused on the use of modern mobile interactive technologies in teaching and learning English in non-language universities. It considers the features of using mobile applications at English classes, presents a list of mobile technologies, used in the process of study, and assesses their scientific, methodological and didactic potential. In our study, we substantiate the necessity for wider use of mobile applications for training various language skills and improving the trainees’ command of English. The paper contains the review of definitions, characterizing mobile language education and reflecting the viewpoints of prominent scholars on the problem of mobile learning. The main goals of mobile learning are outlined, along with the benefits of mobile applications as a tool of language education. The article also gives practical recommendations for students on how to employ mobile applications and programs in their practical study of English.

This article deals with the Soviet foreign policy 60-70 of the last century, which solved the main problem of that period - reducing the confrontation between East and West. The foreign policy of the USSR in those years was aimed at achieving three main goals: to strengthen its influence in the socialist community, to unite the world system of socialism, to prevent the fall of any country from it; to improve relations with the developed countries of the West, especially with the United States, Germany, France, to ensure peaceful coexistence with them; to expand its sphere of influence in the "third world", to intensify military-technical and economic cooperation with developing countries. This article will show us the role of the events that took place in that period, and to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the policy, to analyze the influence of the ideology of communism on the formation of the foreign policy of the USSR In the preparation of the article specific historical, formational and social methods of research were used, which allowed to reveal facts, phenomena and processes in the relationship and unity of the past, present and future.