Prostate squamous cell carcinoma is a rare entity with poor prognosis and it should be considered in patients with normal PSA ranges and symptoms of urinary obstruction.

Background: Uterine arteriovenous malformations are more frequent than diagnosed. AVM are seen in majority after curettage post abortion. Rarely an association between AVM and medical abortion is seen. Conclusion: Uterine AVM should be a differential diagnosis in all cases presenting with abnormal bleeding after abortion even in the absence of instrumentation and uterine artery embolization is an effective means of combating any complications.

Systemic thromboembolism in cases with dilated cardiomyopathy in sinus rhythm has been rarely described. We report a middle-aged man, who had splenic as well as cerebral thromboembolism, with a background of dilated cardiomyopathy in sinus rhythm.

Piracetam (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide) is a cyclical derivative of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). It was first synthesized during the 1950s by Corneliu E. Giurgea. There are reports of its use for epilepsy in the 1950s. Piracetam can beneficially influence impaired brain function by improving neuronal and cognitive functions without acting as a sedative or stimulant, increasing blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, and improving the function of the neurotransmitters and brain neurotransmission. The modes of action of piracetam has been attributed to differential effects on subtypes of glutamate receptors without GABAergic actions Piracetam has no significant side effect nor has acute toxicity at the doses used in human studies. The LD50 is 5.6 g/kg in rats and 20 g/kg in mice, indicating extremely low acute toxicity.

BACKGROUND: Nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (NRILN) is a very rare anomaly and is prone to damage during thyroidectomies. Hence intraoperative techniques to identify and prevent inadvertent injury to the nerve are important. CONCLUSION: High index of suspicion must be present to suspect NRILN, when RLN is not found in its usual anatomical position intraoperatively. No structure traversing transversely between the carotid artery and larynx should be cut if recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (RILN) is not seen. Location of vagus medial to the common carotid artery indicates the presence of NRILN.