This paper is a comprehensive exploration of the false attacks on the battlefield reputation of Confederate General James Longstreet that occurred after the end of the U.S. Civil War, the role of these attacks in the broader narrative of the “Lost Cause,” and how those lies and false representations affect the historical record of the U.S. Civil War to this day.

In narrative written by women in Mexico, childhood is referred to from a raw and non-idyllic perspective. Mostly represented by girls, childhood alludes to stark, violent worlds, mired in abandonment, despondency, and loneliness. In this context, Brenda Navarro’s novel Casas Vacías adds to this chorus of female voices who see in childhood a barren and baffling place that emotionally hurts little ones. This work analyzes this novel from a gender perspective, with the aim of enriching the landscape of literature written by women.

The acquisition of a second language is an important skill to own in the twenty-first century. Often, language learners utilize software on a mobile or computer device to deepen their knowledge of the language. While many language learning platforms are available today, some are more popular than others. This study focuses on people who use the Duolingo app to learn Modern Hebrew. This study investigates the factors that motivate people to learn Modern Hebrew through Duolingo and their perceptions about fulfilling their goals and learning more about Israeli culture and Jewish identity through the use of Duolingo. These questions are especially interesting because Modern Hebrew is primarily used in the state of Israel and is often conceived as part of an ancient and rich Jewish cultural heritage, Jewish identity, and Israeli culture.

This methodological exploration engages critically with autoethnographic technique and scholarship, to examine and exemplify the value of autoethnography in enhancing qualitative inquiry within cross-cultural research. Though encompassing a myriad of definitions and approaches, autoethnography represents both a process and a product, that seeks to describe and systematically analyse personal experiences (auto) in relation to their wider cultural (ethno) context, producing an account of this critical process (graphy) to enhance sociological understandings. However, there is debate and methodological polarisation among autoethnographers concerning the degree to which (re)presentations of the method (the product) should be explicitly analytical, whereby personal stories are embedded within specific theoretical framings, and relevant wider literature. Therefore, specifically; this piece examines and demonstrates the use of autoethnography as a methodological tool in facilitating enhanced critical reflection and understandings within the context of the researcher’s wider study in which she; a Scottish, white, self-funded PhD student, employed narrative interviews amongst other qualitative methods within a population of Ugandan children living within an orphanage in Kampala. Given Uganda’s geopolitical history of colonial oppression and ongoing semi-authoritarian rule, combined with the researcher’s positionality plus a decade of personal experiences before, and beyond formal fieldwork, this article demonstrates the use of autoethnography engaging a postcolonial lens to illuminate the sociocultural and historical systems of power, that that shape personal reality (ontology), the ways the experiential components of this reality are portrayed and therefore the constraints under which such portrayals can be interpreted (epistemology), for example within narratives or interviews. In doing so, the methodological value of a moderate approach to autoethnography is argued: that blends the human, heuristic value of personal experience as embodied knowledge with the scholarly affordances of theory and literature, showing how this method assists in situating one’s positionality and consequent influence within their research context; but offers words of critique and caution concerning the challenges of autoethnography.

The emergence of COVID-19 has changed the pace of work, school and daily living habits for Americans all over the US. Under these circumstances, people have been forced to distance learning. Various technological products have appeared one after another, which has greatly helped Chinese teaching in colleges across the US. This article gives an overview of the challenges in Chinese teaching in American universities during the pandemic, and then describes the changes of teaching modes, useful supplementary teaching tools and teaching contents, which have been implemented in Chinese teaching in the US universities to tackle the challenges. The article also shares some attempts that we had when teaching Chinese during the pandemic and point out some future direction of Chinese teaching in the post-pandemic era.

Minority education in Hungary developed controversially during this era. The laws and government decrees ensured relatively broad opportunities to minority education (free foundation and selection of schools) but in practice, a number of obstacles made mother tongue education difficult. In the 1920-ies, and 1930-ies, there were three types of minority schools in Hungary. In one of them, teaching was performed in the language of the minority, and Hungarian was an obligatory foreign language. In the second type, they taught in both languages: literature and science was taught in the language of the minority, while history and civics in Hungarian. In the third type, (in settlements with Hungarians in majority) education was provided in Hungarian, but the minority’s language and folks knowledge was an obligatory subject. The leaders of the settlement, the education authority, and the representatives of the parents decided on the used language of education. However, several factors made the operation of the theoretically flexible system difficult. There were not enough native teachers to teach children in their mother tongue, modern student books, and educational resource. Hungarian political circles urging the revision of the peace treaty, especially the ones working at the lower levels of public administration rolled obstacles in the way of minority education, in this way they tried to make the minorities’ assimilation faster.

Translation allows messages to be communicated from one language to another (Shaw 22), acting as an intervention where communication issues arise due to language differences (Chesterman 151). However, translations do more than relay a message. They also allow what Carbonell calls a “cultural transmission” (85) that explains what “some aspect of the world is like” (Baker 195) in the source culture and how a text’s message functions within that culture (Lefevere 51) in a way the target culture can understand (Carbonell 85). When attempting to make this transmission, translators often encounter lexical, cultural, and ideological differences that can pose translation challenges. Understanding the source culture and the document’s place within that culture is essential to choosing appropriate phrases to communicate the text’s message, but other translation strategies can also be employed to help such a transmission take place coherently.

City planners and politicians view spontaneous and illegal settlements as a threat and an opportunity. By contrast, the squatters strategize to manipulate the planning and political process to create a stable community. The outside researcher can seek a representative sample of communities in like situations or, alternatively, can study adjacent communities seeking to ally or compete with each other to gain formal recognition and become part of the existing urban framework. This common set of antagonisms in the community formation process can be extrapolated to an imagined anthropocene - one that requires a kaleidoscopic perspective that is, at once, formal and informal, normative and spontaneous, representative and case-study oriented.

Traditional correlation coefficients could not accommodate the more complexed dependency between markets. Copula modes are the alternative way to trace the dependence among markets. We use three major stock market indexes ranged from 2000 to 2020 to model the dependence between market indexes. Our sample period covers three major extreme events; therefore, it is quite suitable for copula modelling the dependence across the border. We compare the bivariate copulas to multivariate copulas in modelling the dependency. Our results show that multivariate vine copula model could choose much different pair copulas from bivariate copula. Our finding has a very important implication to portfolio manager and risk manager.

Gender socialization tied to language is something in which researchers have been interested in recent years. Language and gender are now viewed not just something we have but something we do. Language attitudes, of course, factor into the concept of language and gender. Differences between male and female voices are attached to masculinity and femininity, and power seems to be attached to the male voice. Somehow, homosexual speech and dialect seem to be considered other than masculine. But much of gay speech stems from being socialized to use gendered speech. Connected to gay speech is camp language, which is related to exaggerated queer behavior. Presentation in terms of dress and behavior of lesbians and gays are also viewed as identity markers. Additionally, the existence of non-heterosexual speech as marked forms is internationally pervasive.

Par cet article, nous voulons contribuer à la connaissance des idées de Roberto Freire, qui peuvent éclairer son œuvre littéraire, et questionner l’idéologie du plaisir qu’il prône dans ses textes théoriques, où il se confronte à Freud, et qu’il met en scène dans ses textes de fiction, l’idéologie du plaisir s’opposant à l’idéologie du sacrifice qui gouverne le monde, selon lui, mais non son monde fictionnel.

International migration is an objective phenomenon in the globalization process. In recent years, many countries have faced many difficulties and challenges brought about by international migration, including ASEAN countries. The international migration crisis poses many complex economic - political - cultural - social problems for ASEAN countries, requiring close cooperation among countries in the region to overcome difficulties and challenges brought about by international migration. In this article, the authors study international migration issues as well as the EUs case, then give some recommendations for ASEAN countries to actively respond to this phenomenon, contributing to promoting economic growth and development in the region.

The article re-examines the age-long disparity between logic and ordinary everyday language and the possible relation between them. This is done against the backdrop of the modern advancement in logical principles particularly, the introduction of logical constants, the use of which results in paradoxes when juxtaposed with ordinary language in the description of some particular state of affairs, or real life situation. Specifically, the paper assesses one of the logical constants known as material implication, with the single intention of finding out its implication upon interpretation to ordinary language usage. In an attempt to reconcile the two languages, the paper indicates that logic and ordinary language exist in two different worlds, and hence, the former cannot be applied in the later without passing certain difficulties to our common intuition. In doing this, the paper adopts a systematic theoretical discourse methodology that is reflective and analytic.

With the Covid-19 Pandemic, which deeply affects the whole World, the increase in digital inequalities that have become more visible and even turned out a new obstacle itself is the starting point of this research. In this context, the main problem of the research is that with the Covid-19 Pandemic, digital inequalities have become a new field in the struggle with the difficulties experienced by disabled people. The main purpose of this study is to reveal that the experiences of some professional basketball players with disabilities in the Pandemic process mean for them along with digital inequality. In this research based on Grounded Theory methodology, selective coding was done after open and axial coding. In the selective coding phase of the study, based on the statements of the participants, it was decided that the core concept was accessibility. Because it has been observed that individuals with disabilities have limited access to both social and digital life, so their life experiences gradually separate from the society and lead to their isolation. As the last stage of the Grounded Theory, the disabled are narrated through the sailing ship, the pandemic wind and digitalization through the sea metaphor.

The study aimed at verifying the level of psychological burnout among referees of team sports in Palestine. It also aimed at identifying the differences in the level of psychological burnout according to the variables of (refereeing experience, type of sport, the refereeing role, happiness of working as a referee, and the satisfaction of the federation’s support for referees). To achieve this purpose, the study was conducted on a sample of (126) referees from the federations of football, volleyball, basketball, and handball. The participants responded to the Scale of "Burnout in Refereeing" that was developed by Alawi (1998). The results of the study showed that the level of psychological burnout among referees of team sports was within the moderate level. Moreover, the results indicated statistically significant differences in the level of psychological burnout among referees, and which can be attributed to the variables of (refereeing experience, type of sport, the refereeing role, happiness of working as a referee, and the satisfaction of the federation’s support for referees). The study found that the level of psychological burnout was less among the more experienced referees compared to the less experienced ones, assistant referees compared to main referees, referees of volleyball compared to referees of other sports, referees who are happy to work as referees compared to unhappy referees, and referees who are satisfied with the federation’s support compared to the referees who are not satisfied with the federation’s support. The study recommended the necessity of preparing less experienced referees psychologically through conducting counseling and psychological courses to refine the referees’ characters and enhance their positive feelings towards their profession. Furthermore, it is vital to pay attention to developing appropriate organizational support strategies to improve the referees’ working conditions and enhance their job satisfaction.

The clash of indigenous and foreign cultures is one of the prevalent themes present in the works of African playwrights living in the Diaspora as well as on the continent. The post-1960 African drama was not only influenced by the impact of colonialism on the traditional African cultures but also the dramatists’ experiences in the Diaspora. After the intrusion of colonial powers into African societies, there was inevitable contact between Traditional and Western cultures. The adoption of foreign cultures by Africans threatened the stability of traditional cultures since those who embraced the foreign ways of life often found themselves in a liminal space where they were neither able to fully embrace the new ways of life nor completely disregard their traditional life. This being in the ‘middle passage’ often led to psychological and physical implications that dehumanized the individual. Does navigating these cultural liminalities require one to adopt a global hybrid identity? In this paper, I argue that embracing Afropolitanism as a hybrid cultural identity could help mitigate this conundrum of cultural liminality. I will explore this option as one of the alternatives to the African and Western cultural matrix that befalls Africans who embrace foreign cultures through the works of three African playwrights, The Dilemma of a Ghost by Ama Ata Aidoo, Death of the King’s Horseman by Wole Soyinka, and The Gulf by Femi Euba. I will use Chielozona Eze’s definition of Afropolitanism. According to Eze, an Afropolitan is a human being on the African continent or of African descent who has realized that her identity can no longer be explained in the purist, essentialist, and oppositional terms or by reference only to Africa. Therefore, an Afropolitan cannot claim to be either A or B but rather, he or she is A+B+C. Their identity is already intermixed with the identity of the others, and it is not possible to go back to their native place since they are all culturally and even sometimes biologically jumbled.