Over the period, due to evolutionary constrains, gene mutations, changes in micro- and mega- environment gave a tool to bacteria to adopt for survival in the hostile environment. When they are exposed with broad spectrum antibiotics, they have adopted to live and become resistant to antibiotics. In this review many preventive and curative strategies has been described to avoid antibiotics. These lines of treatments would not give chances to microbes to become drug resistant. “Prevention is better than cure” adopting this strategy we have described immunochemicals and many herbal medicines which will prevent infections. Also given importance to maintain proper balance of microbiota in the gut by replacement of the lost (may be due to many reasons) species which are considered necessary for maintaining a balance in bacterial population.

Background Societies where the public authorities had assumed a higher role respect to the smoking control had showed the benefits associated to the reduction from the smoking impact. For that it is necessary the designing of a communicative strategy focused on the public authorities to motive sufficiently them to be agreeing in the effective need about the smoking control. Objective. To describe the main elements considering the designing a communicative strategy for the smoking control. Materials and methods. Was made a descriptive research from the main elements considering the designing a communicative strategy for the smoking control. As teoric methods were utilized the analysis and synthesis, the inductive – deductive, the comparative and the historic – logic. As empiricmethod was utilized the bibliographic research. Results. The strategy must be flexible and must be supported in a continued cycle process to make the necessaries adjustments agree to obtain the main objective. This condition suggests that the strategy maker must demonstrate a diverse and strong professional formation. Conclusion. The designed communicative strategy for the smoking control must be capable to provide answers for the questions what communicate,why communicate, how to communicate and when communicate agree to the public authorities’ characteristic.

Fever is a common symptom in childhood and primarily suggests infectious diseases. The syndrome of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA syndrome) is a periodic fever syndrome of unknown incidence and is not rare in childhood. In this case report, the management of a patient who was followed up for PFAPA syndrome during a fever attack is presented.

Meningitis whether bacterial or viral, poses many challenges to clinicians as the causative agent is often not found. According to guidelines, it is standard to start empiric treatment before a Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) sample is obtained. Meningitis, if not diagnosed and treated early, can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates with serious neurological sequelae. While the most common cases of bacterial meningitis are related to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis, this clinical case report found a rare case of meningitis caused by a zoonotic pathogen, Capnocytophaga canimorsus; a commensal found as part of the normal flora of dogs and cats. This rare organism was identified with the help of broad range 16S ribosomal DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (rDNA PCR), an emerging technique that is now increasingly useful in rapid diagnosis especially if the offending agent is not timely identified and conventional methods have failed, making diagnosis and management difficult for physicians.

Salmonella breast abscess / mastitis is a rare infection which can affect children and adults. It can affect females more commonly who are non-lactating and it does affect males as well as individuals who have predisposed conditions including: the immunocompromised, diabetics, rheumatoid arthritis, malignancies and other diseases. It may be acute, chronic, unilateral, or bi-lateral, as well as it may be recurrent if it is not appropriately treated. There tends to be a history of previous enteric fever (abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea) which may not have been treated or adequately treated but this history has tended not to be apparent at the time of presentation. Manifestations of the disease tend to include a short- or long-history of: lump/mass in the breast which may or may not be painful, a history of previous diarrhoea, weight. The breast examination findings tend to be non-specific with some the findings including tenderness or no tenderness, a mass that may or may not be tender, a fluctuant lump that may feel like containing fluid, a firm or hard feeling lump that may mimic carcinoma of the breast. Confirmation of the diagnosis tends to be via obtaining culture and sensitivity results of a Salmonella organism and its sensitivity pattern. Treatments that have been given include: Utilization of correct antibiotics based upon the sensitivity pattern of the cultured organism, plus surgical treatment which could be complete aspiration of the pus, incision and drainage of the abscess or in cases where carcinoma of the breast was the provisional diagnosis or the diagnosis is unknown subcutaneous mastectomy and this can be avoided by biopsy of a lesion that mimics a malignant lesion. Follow up of patients is required to ensure the breast lesion has fully resolved. Adoption of the World Health organization guidelines for the prevention of Salmonella infection would help avoid the development of the infection. Urine culture, routine haematology and biochemistry blood tests as well as serology WIDAL tests and stool culture are some of the tests that tend to be undertaken in the investigation of the disease and in order to diagnose the disease a good history would be required including a history of travel from a non-typhoid endemic area to an endemic area. Conclusions: Salmonella breast abscess / mastitis is an uncommon disease which clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for. A history of previous enteric fever does help in suspecting the disease which at times does need to be distinguished from carcinoma of the breast. The diagnosis is confirmed by obtaining the culture results of the pus from the breast abscess / breast tissue. If all breast lesions are biopsied especially in cases of suspicion of a breast cancer and a past history of abdominal pain, diarrhoea and vomiting the results of the pathology examination of the specimen would negate malignancy and confirm an infection which would help in avoiding mastectomy procedures and enable utilization of antibiotics and drainage/aspiration of abscess to provide adequate treatment.