The main objective of this study is to empirically analyze the causality relationship between gold prices, exchange rates and oil prices and airline stocks. Daily data between April 26, 2013 and February 03, 2021 were used in the study. Within the framework of the study, Hatemi-J, Causality analysis was employed. Empirical analysis results indicate the existence of a significant causality relationship from selected macroeconomic variables to stock prices and from stock prices to selected macroeconomic variables.

International trade agreements created by individuals or institutions of different nationalities by making mutual commitments in practice, it often leads to problems and the issue of which country rules to resolve these disputes is also a matter of debate. The process of preparing international trade agreements, which were observed to have deficiencies in practice in the study, was examined the rules of law that must be applied in disputes that may aris

OVID 19 virus, which emerged in China at the end of 2019, soon spread to Europe and then to the Americas. The increasing number of patients and the increase in deaths from the epidemic have created an atmosphere of panic around the world. On March 11, 2020, the COVID 19 outbreak was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). In March 2020, Europe became the center of the COVID 19 outbreak.

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Ethics, Marketing, Consumer, Perception, Culture

Eventhough it is considered as a subdivision of accounting field; calculating the cost of a product or a service that is planned to be produced is considered as the common field of study of every sector and every field of science. Since cost calculation is a multidisciplinary topic this study was prepared with the aim of analyzing and assessing the graduate thesis with the subject of cost prepared in Turkey. For this purpose; thesis in the field of cost which were completed between 1990 and 2020 registered in the database of the Council of higher Education National Thesis Center were analyzed. 1723 graduate thesis written in the area of cost found in National thesis Center was evaluated. The Theses that constitute the research data were analyzed with content analysis and classified on the basis of science. According to the results it was revealed that the theses written in the field of cost were not only constituted in social sciences like economics and management; but also in technical sciences such as engineering, architecture and medicine. This result should also be considered as an indication that field of cost is interdisciplinary in future studies of all disciplines.

ealth communication practices are carried out by both the state and other non-profit organizations and private health organizations, and marketing tools and methods are generally used when they are practised. This study tries to reveal which factors should be taken into consideration while practising health communication activities from a marketing perspective. Concepts such as healthism, medicalization and health literacy, which have attracted attention in the field of health in recent years, are also approached from a marketing perspective and these concepts are also evaluated within health communication. At the end of the study, all these concepts which are reviewed within the framework of health communication and marketing are presented in a summary scheme under the name of marketing-oriented health communication.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The Covid-19 outbreak spread almost all over the world in the early 2020 and turned into a pandemic. The pandemic has resulted in a demand boom and inadequate supply for goods such as medical products, cleaning products and personal protective equipment. This has led states to prioritize their own national needs and resort to measures that limit export in quantity or prohibit it altogether in certain products mentioned. Export restrictions implemented one after another have brought their place within the rules of international trade law (World Trade Organization-WTO law) into the agenda. GATT Article XI.1 prohibits, as a rule, quantitative restrictions on both import and export. However, there are various provisions in GATT that allow escape from this prohibition. Article XI.2 gives a list that falls outside the scope of the general prohibition of quantity restrictions, and sub-paragraph XI.2 (a), which is exclusively for export, makes it possible to take temporary export-restrictive or prohibitive measures to prevent or mitigate ciritical shortages in food or other products essential to exporting country. Some provisions of Article XX on general exceptions and Article XXI on security exceptions also allow quantitative measures to be taken in export. In addition, there are some procedural requirements in WTO law regarding such measures. On the other hand, various debates and solution proposals have been brought forward regarding the inconveniences of export-restrictive or prohibitive measures on international trade.

ABSTRACT The Covid-19 outbreak spread almost all over the world in the early 2020 and turned into a pandemic. The pandemic has resulted in a demand boom and inadequate supply for goods such as medical products, cleaning products and personal protective equipment. This has led states to prioritize their own national needs and resort to measures that limit export in quantity or prohibit it altogether in certain products mentioned. Export restrictions implemented one after another have brought their place within the rules of international trade law (World Trade Organization-WTO law) into the agenda. GATT Article XI.1 prohibits, as a rule, quantitative restrictions on both import and export. However, there are various provisions in GATT that allow escape from this prohibition. Article XI.2 gives a list that falls outside the scope of the general prohibition of quantity restrictions, and sub-paragraph XI.2 (a), which is exclusively for export, makes it possible to take temporary export-restrictive or prohibitive measures to prevent or mitigate ciritical shortages in food or other products essential to exporting country. Some provisions of Article XX on general exceptions and Article XXI on security exceptions also allow quantitative measures to be taken in export. In addition, there are some procedural requirements in WTO law regarding such measures. On the other hand, various debates and solution proposals have been brought forward regarding the inconveniences of export-restrictive or prohibitive measures on international trade.