Magnetic measurements, mineralogical and geochemical studies were carried out on surface soil samples in order to delineate susceptibility distribution and to find possible relationships based on paleomagnetic implications in some part of Kalambaina Area of Sokoto Northwestern Nigeria. Geomorphologically, this area is generally gentle, with occasionally tabular, capped by resistance laterites. Elevation generally decreases towards the northwest around the Nigeria - Niger Republic boarder with an average elevation of about 215 m above mean sea level. A total of 90 sample were measured at random with DSM-10 susceptibility Kappa metre as well 20 core drilling samples were collected for further XRF geochemical analysis. Mass specific susceptibility value ranges between 11.2 × 10-6 SI and 1.4 - 8.2 × 10-6 SI and magnetic remanence at 1 T values range between 10 × 10-6 SI and 0.5 - 9.0 × 10-6 SIas well as 0.5 - 7.4 × 10-6 SI. Chemical analysis by Xray Fluorescence analysis revealed the presence concentration of various elements with their percentage composition (%) and the percentage composition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content between > 40% and < 70%, > 70% and < 80%, core drilling depth and overburden thickness of a limestone Layer and Overburden. Has also revealed low- and high-grade calcium carbonate CaCO3 content.

Stanene is a quantum spin hall insulator and a favourable material for electronic and optoelectronic devices. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to study the band gap opening in stanene by investigating the effect of beryllium and magnesium doped stanene single layer to study the electronic and structural properties in stanene. The electronic band energy of pure stanene without spin orbit coupling (SOC) appear to show no energy gap at the Fermi level showing that stanene is a gapless material with Dirac cones at the K point and the band gap opens by a gap of 0.08?eV is opened at the K point. The electronic structure of Be and Mg doped stanene shows that the Fermi level is shifted towards the valance band edge when compared to pure stanene. We have considered 6.25, 12.5, 18.75 and 25% of both Be and mg doping. The electronic structure of Be doped stanene show that the Fermi level is shifted towards the valance band edge when compared to pure stanene. The Dirac point of stanene locates at G shifted by 0.38 and 0.51eV for 6.25 and 12.5 %, an energy band gap of 0.27 and 0.50 eV were obtained above the Fermi level for 6.25 and 12.5% respectively. In the case of Mg, the bandgap remains slightly above the Fermi-level and amounts to 0.34 eV for 6.25 % and 0.43eV for 12.5 %, in the case of 18.75 and 25 % the Dirac cone disappear completely, an energy gap of 0.28 eV and 0.60 eV were obtained above the Fermi level for 6.25 and 12.5% respectively, our findings show that the band gap of stanene open at 12.5% doping concentration of both Be and Mg impurities. These obtained band-gap value seem to be sufficient for use of alkaline earth metal doped stanene in optoelectronic and such applications where stanene is incapacitate for its use to switch on/off devices.

The study of shear rheology and molecular architecture through molecular dynamics simulation of starch-based and gelatin-based adhesives formulated from Eleusine coracana, and cow hide has been successfully achieved. This research has revealed that esterification of natural dextrins with 20 % polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) will yield adhesives product with improved gel properties suitable for applications. Method of extraction, production of the adhesives by varying the quantity of fatty acid ester and quality assessment was performed and 20% PVAc incorporation found to be suitable for application. The physical features of the macromolecular complexes formed by the synergistic interaction of starch/gelatin and PVAc in the presence of tetraethylamine (TEA) has been studied from the rheological point of view. On examining the impact of the molecular structure and electronic properties of the adhesive molecules on the adhesive efficiency, quantum chemical calculations were carried out. Rheological analysis shows the adhesives are consistent and the computed free energy obtained from molecular dynamics simulation reveals that the adhesive molecules are spontaneous, hence efficient.

High-resolution aeromagnetic data over a part of Ageva fault zone in Nigeria have been analyzed with a view to estimate sedimentary thicknesses within the studied area. The data set of this study area, was subjected to various corrections and interpretation techniques. Regionalresidual correction was done and the noise level of the data was reduced via upward continuation to a height of 250 m thereby enhancing the reliability of the results obtained. Qualitative interpretation techniques which include: Second Vertical Derivative, Analytic Signal, Tilt derivative were used to delineate the trending pattern of the anomalies in the study area which are in the E-W, NE-SW, NW-SE, and N-S directions. The result suggests that fault zone within Ageva and Owo may be mineralized and also that the faults within Ageva and Ibilo extend by a quarter of their exposed length. The Werner solutions revealed that inferred faults within Owo and Ibilo may have relatively low susceptibilities as compared with others in the study area and the range of the depth extent of linear features is 401.5 m – 982.5 m.

An electrical resistivity investigation was carried to investigate the bedrock geometry of the northern part of Kujama Prisons Farm Kaduna using the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method. The study is aimed at obtaining information on the subsurface layering for future civil engineering works. The area covered was 200,000 sqm having five (5) profiles with six (6) geophysical investigative points on each profile and separated 100m apart. Ohm-Mega resistivity meter was used for the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Thirty (30) pointswhere established. To interpret the VES data, Res1D iterative software, Surfer 11 and Oasis Montaj software’s were use d and it revealed three to five subsurface layers having Topsoil thickness between 0.3 - 2 m and resistivity between 104 - 4824 ?m also, the last layer considered as the weathered/ fractured/ fresh basement has an infinite thickness with resistivity ranging from 45 – 10173 ?m and the average overburden thickness of the area found to be 17.8 m. The VES found fresh basement at points A3(6151 ?m), A6(5089 ?m), B3(1067?m), E5(10173 ?m) and E6(1100 ?m). From the study it is suggestive that the bedrock geometry has been irregularly configured over geological times due to effects of intense weathering. Therefore, the investigation revealed the study area may be considered for civil works of low bearing capacity

Electrical Resistivity Methods involving Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Wenner Electrical Profiling (EP) were carried out to map the Geological features of the earth subsurface in Zainawa Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Five profiles were established; consist of six (6) VES points at each profile. GEOPULSE resistivity meter (SAS 300) was used for the data acquisition. The field data obtained have been analyzed using computer software (IPI2win) which gives an automatic interpretation of the apparent resistivity. A maximum of three geoelectric subsurface layers were delineated from the VES master curves. The geoelectric section beneath the study area was composed of top soil (clayey-sandy and sandy-lateritic), weathered layer, partly weathered (fractured basement) and fresh basement. The resistivity value for the topsoil layer varies from 20 Om to 600 Om with thickness ranging from 0.5 to 7.2 m. The weathered basement has resistivity values ranging from 15 Om to 593 Om and thickness of between 2.75 to 33.04 m. The fractured basement has resistivity values ranging from 201 Om to 835 Om and thickness of between 11 to 20.4 m. The fresh basement (bedrock) has resistivity values ranging from 1161 Om to 3115 Om with infinite depth. The depth to basement map was produced to give a good picture of the basement topography within the study area. The depth to basement ranges from 11 m around VES 01 to 85 m around VES 25 m. The map also reveals linear structures (VES 05, 21, 22 and VES 23) which trends in the NE-SW direction. These structures suggest a basement depression at these points. However, the depth from the topsoil to the bedrock surface varies between 2.5 to 37.75 m.

In this paper, Carbon Nanostructures (CNS) were directly synthesized on gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4). An alternative microwave enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MECVD) technique was used to synthesized the CNS via commercial microwave oven with operating power of 600 W at 2.45 GHz. Microwave heating provides the temperature for catalytic decomposition of polyethylene at 750 °C for 4 minutes under atmosperic pressure of 0.81 mbar. Characterization of the as-grown CNS was carried out using Raman spectroscopy and Field Emission Scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Raman spectroscopic investigation reveals the CNS quality of 0.92 and the field emission Scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis shows twisted hollow-like CNS structures. The material was deployed as a sensor without any post treatment so as to investigate its potential application in the sensor industry. Different concentrations of ammonia (NH3) gas from 0.06% to 1% were exposed.

Qualitative analysis of radionuclides requires the use of reliable gamma-ray detection system. The NaI(Tl) detector has been widely used and still one of the most used detectors today. It is therefore imperative to validate the reliability of the 5 × 5 cm2 NaI(Tl) gamma spectrometry system used in carrying out gamma-ray analysis of soil samples in the Radiation and Health Laboratory, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria. The gamma ray spectrometer is housed in a 5 cm thick cylindrical lead shield. Calibration was executed using standard materials produced under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Resolution and detection limit (LD) of the detector were determined using full width at half the maximum of the energy peak of 137Cs and background signal level of the reference materials respectively. Counting efficiencies of the detector was calculated using energies of 1460 keV, 1764 keV and 2615 keV for 40K, 226Ra and 232Th respectively. Secondary samples, RGMIX1 and RGMIX2 were formulated and counted to calculate activity concentrations using the NaI(Tl) detector. Resolution of the detector was calculated to be 7.8% of 137Cs, which is good for a NaI(Tl) detector. The counting efficiency of the detector is seen to depend on the gamma ray energy. The results from this work shows that the detector system is suitable gamma spectrometry, and will give quality measurements when used for quantitative determination of radionuclides in environmental samples. The efficiency and resolution of the NaI(Tl) detector should also be determined using photon energies obtained from other radioactive sources.

The Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic Method (VLF-EM) was used in view of detecting fractured or weathered zones within the University of Abuja Staff Quarters, Gwagwalada, Federal Capital Territory. The VLF -EM data measured along seventeen profiles of 400m at inter profile distance of 25m and interstation separation of 10m were done using the Scintrex ENVI Instrument. The VLF-EM survey revealed features significant to groundwater potential as conductive zones in the Fraser Filter maps and current density pseudosections. Three distinct zones were delineated based on the current density distribution. The fresh basement terrain corresponds to the highly resistive zone with current density value less than -20. The intermediate zone has current density value range of -20 to 25 typical of rocks and soil component which are slightly resistive to slightly conductive and corresponds to the partially saturated units. The third zone is highly conductive with current density value greater than 30 which includes the saturated weathered or fractured basement, fault zones, clay units and saturated sandy units within the study area. The north eastern, north western (profiles 1-8) and some parts of the southern region (profiles 16 and 17) of the study area show higher conductive zones than the central parts of the study area. This survey has helped in detecting sites that are suitable for groundwater exploration by identifying water bearing fractures and weathered zones in the study area. The areas with high conductivity response are areas with conductive overburden material such as clayey soil, saturated soil, water filled fractures and faults or weathered zone within the basement.

The structural properties of undoped and Fluorine doped Hexagonal Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) with different doping concentrations have been calculated using Density Functional Theory (DFT) within Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) as implemented in Quantum Espresso (QE). The calculated results were for the formation energy of 4.17%, 8.33%, 12.5%, of F doped MoO2 are 232.5eV, 463.0eV, and 698.5eV respectively, which show the variation of energy based on the increase in the doping concentration that led to having the breakage of bond in the structure of the compound. The undoped and 4.17% of F doped MoO2 have three free atoms, which maintain the stability of the structure, but when the doping concentration was increased, the bond breaks simultaneously which led to having four and five free atoms for 8.33%, and 12.5% of F doped MoO2 respectively. This makes 4.17% of F doped MoO2 with 17.09Ry more stable. Similarly, the bond length of undoped MoO2 was 2.2505pm, but when doped with 4.17% of F it changes to 2.3030pm which indicates a greater stability of the structure concentrations of the dopant above 4.17% reduced the bond length, which made the structure less stable.