Contamination of groundwaters by chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE) is a widespread problem around the world and causes serious threat for human health due to being human carcinogen. Chlorinated solvents generally enter the subsurface as dense non aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) and accumulation generally occurs in aquifers where the DNAPL mass is most likely pooled at the bottom of aquifers and become a long-term aqueous phase source zone for groundwater contamination. In situ immobilization or remediation of DNAPL source zones in such systems is crucial for protecting aquifer systems having significant groundwater potential. In situ chemical flushing (ISCF) is groundwater remediation techniques used to remove organic pollutants from the subsurface environment. The objective of the project is to test the enhanced-solubilization potential of cosmetic ramnolipid surfactant flushing performances for the specific scenario of DNAPL sources trapped in heterogeneous aquifer media. The results emphasized that in the early stage, some portion of organic liquid is hydraulically accessible (matrix) whereas the later stage of mass removal was controlled by the more poorly-accessible mass (pool) associated with higher-saturation zones. Our results also showed that the distribution and the emplacement of organic liquid, flow-field heterogeneity, flushing solution and its concentration significantly influence on remediation effort. As a result, the performance of technology depends on the site characteristics which are critical to characterize effective DNAPL remediation strategies for contaminated sites

Atrazine and metribuzine are used extensively as an herbicide in the vicinity of Balikesir, Turkey to increase the yield production. The objective of this study was to investigate the mobility of such herbicides for Balikesir agricultural soil by a series of column experiments. Column experiments showed that transport of atrazine and metribuzine retarded compared to non-reactive tracer (R=1.3-1.6 for metribuzine; R=2.3-2.6 for atrazine). The intermediate organic carbon fraction played responsibility for the sorption of herbicides in the soil. Degree of metribuzine sorption compared to atrazine was lower indicated the higher risk for the contamination of groundwater resources. The determination of atrazine and metribuzine mobility would be very important for the assessment of contamination risk as well as regulation, management and choice and selection of best remediation effort.

Many syntheses can be made by physical, chemical or biological methods. However, these methods have many disadvantages such as the use of toxic chemicals harmful to humans, animals, plants and the environment during the synthesis phase, high energy requirement and cost. Researchers have started to work on reducing or eliminating these negative effects in recent years. For this purpose, the concept of Green Chemistry emerged. Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a field of chemical and chemical engineering that focuses on the design of products and processes that will minimize or eliminate the use and production of hazardous substances. It play an important roles in biomedicine, nanomedicine, regenerative medicine, pharmaceutics, environmental remediation, catalysis, etc. Over the course of the past decade, green chemistry has demonstrated how fundamental scientific methodologies can protect human health and the environment in an economically beneficial manner. This review explains the importance of Green Chemistry with a series of illustrative examples.