The effect of oral application of three concentrations of 17 a methyl testosterone (17 a-MT) in sex reversal of Oreochromis niloticus fry was studied. About 1,200 day one O. niloticus larvae with an average weight of 0.002g distributed into 12 plastic container (each 14L capacity). The experiment consisted of four treatments and three replicates for 17 a-MT application in stage one, and 12 happa (1m×1m×1m) in stage two for fry rearing. The male% increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase of 17 a-MT concentration. T1 (63%) yielded 84%; T2 (78.3%) yielded 87% and T3 (86.7%) yielded (89%). Survival rates significantly decreased (p<0.05) with the increase of 17 a-MT level (T3, T2 and T1, respectively). The proved that oral application of 17 a-MT is useful in sex reversal and production of male of O. niloticus.

Viruses mutate all the time, and the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is no exception. As new variants of the COVID-19 emerge, a slew of new studies suggest that some may be able to evade immune responses triggered by a previous infection or by a vaccine. The novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 including those seen in the UK (2OI/5O1Y.V1/B.1.1.7), South Africa (2OH/5O1Y.V2/B.1.351), Brazil (P.1/2OJ/5O1Y.V3/B.1.1.248) have emerged with the concern of increased infectivity and virulence. Scientists are working to learn more about the characteristics of these strains whether they could cause more severe illness, and whether currently authorized vaccines will protect people against them. All viruses naturally mutate and evolve over time. For example, flu virus change often, which is why doctors recommend that you get a flu shot every year. Various mRNA vaccine platforms have been developed in recent years and validated in studies of immunogenicity and efficacy.

The aim was for tryout using daily regular Salvia officinalis boiled water extracts in "Arab and Saudi Society", especially at elevated region "Taif". That to prove its ability for pathogenic Escherichia coli exclusion and had antibiotic resistance. This could prove strength of chemical content and adherence of "Arab People" to use as regular and daily to stabilize body health and protect against pathogenic bacteria. Salvia officinalis was purchased from pharmacy at "Taif" and boiled water extract was made. Pathogenic Escherichia coli was obtained from a "Licensed Health Center"; culture was made and suspensions. Tryout by boiled water extract were added to bacterial suspension and then were kept in incubator. The samples were taken at hours (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19); were cultured and were kept for 48 hours at 37 °C. The exclusion percents had determined, Escherichia coli exclusion mean percentages rose 5% at third hour and then increased 7% at fifth hour and at ninth hour was 8%. Then it decreased at the eleventh hour and thirteenth hour (2% and 3%), then rose at the fifteenth hour 10%. It decreased 5% at the seventeenth hour, and then returned and rose at the nineteenth hour 12%. It was concluded Salvia officinalis boiled water extracts effects on pathogenic Escherichia coli exclusion was found during one growth bacteria cycle, indicated the characteristics of chemical contents and good daily habit. It was recommend continuing as "Arabian Habit" Salvia officinalis boiled water extracts for health and protection stability.

Background: Although fluoride is everywhere in the environment, the major environmental sources of population exposure to elevated levels of fluoride are water, food, beverages, air, food supplements, and dental products. Fluoride is a well determined non-biodegradable and moderate pollutant, which at high levels causes serious health problems. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-dyslipidemia effect of fenugreek seeds powder against dyslipidemia induced by sodium fluoride in male rabbits. Materials and Methods: This study included twenty-four adult male rabbits, which were divided into 4 groups, 6 rabbits for each. Group I (control group): Animals were provided with tape water and fed with normal diet for 30 days. Group II (Fenugreek seeds powder group): Fenugreek seeds powder was given to rabbits in food at a dose of 10 g per kilogram of diet weight/kg of body weight/day for 30 Days. Group III (sodium fluoride group): Rabbits were injected intraperitoneally with sodium fluoride at a dose of 15mg/kg of body weight/day for 30 consecutive days. Group IV (Sodium fluoride/fenugreek co-administered group): Fenugreek seed flour was added at a rate of 10 g per kilogram of diet weight, and rabbits were injected with intraperitoneally with sodium fluoride at a dose of 15mg/kg of body weight/day for 30 consecutive days. After thirty days, blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis. Biochemical analyzes were performed to measure of the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C in all groups. Results: The results of the study showed that the treatment of male rabbits with sodium fluoride resulted in a significant increase (P<0.01) in the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, and VLDL-C, and a significant decrease was observed (P<0.01) in serum HDL-C compared with the control group. In rabbits received fenugreek seeds powder only, the serum triglycerides and VLDL-C were significantly (P<0.01) decrease and the serum HDL-C was significantly (P<0.05) increase compared with the control group. A significant decrease (P<0.01) was observed in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, and VLDL-C, and a significant increase was observed (P<0.01) in serum HDL-C in rabbits treated with sodium fluoride and fenugreek seeds powder compared with the sodium fluoride group, but these measurements did not reach normal levels in the control group. Conclusion: The results showed that injection of rabbits with sodium fluoride led to serum dyslipidemia, and the injection with sodium fluoride and treatment of fenugreek seeds powder alleviate dyslipidemia induced by sodium fluoride. The use of fenugreek seeds powder by humans can be considered beneficial in the alleviation of dyslipidemia. It is recommended that humans exposed to sodium fluoride should be advised to take Fenugreek seeds powder as a rich source of antioxidant to prevent serum dyslipidemia induced by sodium fluoride. Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of the antidyslipidemic effect of Fenugreek seeds powder and potential usefulness of Fenugreek seeds powder as a protective agent against sodium fluoride induced dyslipidemia in clinical trials.

The existence of mixed plasmids in the same cell is tricky and there is a need for separating them from each other. However, isolating two existed plasmids might be difficult, particularly if they are same in their sizes, with same antibiotic marker, or different only in one or more mutants without different restriction cut. Two different plasmids in the same cells is a natural phenomenon as well as a normal practice in molecular biology experiments. For example during random mutagenesis experiment for a single gene (existed naturally in an operon) using a mutator strain like E. coli XL1 Red, the single mutated gene is then complemented with the other essential genes for producing certain products. Another example, during site directed mutagenesis experiment using double antibiotics selection method, in many cases, the original plasmid is existed side by side with the one carry the new mutant. There are many examples where plasmids coexisted with each other either naturally or under experimental conditions. The problem is how one could separate those plasmids particularly when they are similar in their molecular weight and have the same marker. This study introduces two main strategies; the first is based on increasing or decreasing the competent cells transformation efficacy. Where, in general harvesting competent cells either E. coli or other bacterial strains in the first 2-3 hours (or less) of their cultivation and using the enhanced protocol for competent cells preparation will improve the transformation processes. Letting cells to be more ages will reduce the transformation processes. Using four 2-3 hour grown competent Azotobacter sp enable plasmid transformation. The second strategy for separating the coexisted plasmid is based on using diluted plasmids. The antibiotic screening method is based on blind selection where growing on plat containing the first antibiotic and non growing in the second antibiotic means that the tow existed plasmids are separated. In case of existing of plasmids with the same size and the same antibiotic marker for example during the site-directed-mutagenesis protocol (mutants did not have different restriction enzymes cut), the plasmid is diluted and transformed in recombinant E. coli and each clone was cultivated alone and the mutated region is sequenced. The presence of a single base pair in the site of the mutant means presence of a single plasmids and vice versa. As a conclusion same plasmids with point mutation are usually coexisted. In some cases the coexisted plasmids are with similar antibiotic marker, no different restriction enzyme cut sites are existed, no white and blue selection or any other phenotype for selection. In such cases and similar ones diluting plasmid and transforming them in conditions enable single plasmid per cell must be controlled by the sequencer. The protocols included in this study are summarized from the experiences with random and site directed mutagenesis experiments where plasmid with a single mutant is coexisted with the wild mother plasmid or with the other coexisted different mutants.