Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) is a plant reported to show several biological activities. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale nut shell on the antioxidant status and histological features in cardiac and renal tissues of rats. Shells were obtained from the nut, air-dried, pulverized, and subjected to Soxhlet extraction to obtain Anacardium occidentale nut shell extract (AONSE). Forty-five male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups (5 rats each), and given oral gavage of corn oil (Control), and 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 mg/kg of AONSE, every other day for twenty-eight days. After sacrifice, heart and kidney were removed and divided into two portions each; one portion was homogenized for biochemical assays, while the other was fixed in formalin for histopathology. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the two organs were spectrophotometrically assayed. Histopathology of the organs was also done. The SOD and catalase were reduced in heart at high doses of AONSE relative to control. The AONSE has no significant effects on GPx, GST and MDA in the two organs, comparable to control. Photomicrographs of heart show, myocardial distortions and fibrosis, while glomerular fluid accumulation and hemorrhagic fibrosis were observed in kidney, at high doses, as against control and low doses of AONSE. This study shows that high doses of Anacardium occidentale nut shell extract could induce cytological derangements in heart and kidney of rats, possibly via oxidative mechanism.

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are capable of killing virally infected and physiologically stressed cells, like tumor cells. In addition to their ability to directly kill cancer cells, NK cells are capable of enhancing both antibody and T-cell responses. Moreover, ex vivo activation, expansion, and genetic modification of NK cells can greatly enhance their anti-tumor activity and equip them to overcome resistance. As a result of these observations, NK cells are currently the focus of intense investigation with the potential to become a key therapeutic modality in the next wave of cancer treatments.

The quantity and variety of neutralising epitopes targeted by polyclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and vaccinated persons, as well as the genetic barrier to viral escape, are critical variables in neutralisation breadth. We show that human polyclonal antibodies target various neutralising epitopes, both inside and outside the receptor-binding domain, using HIV-1 pseudotypes and plasma selection studies with vesicular stomatitis virus/SARS-CoV-2 chimaeras5. Antibody targets correspond to spike sequences in wild SARS-CoV-2 populations that are rich in variation. The authors discovered that 20 naturally occurring mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are sufficient to generate pseudotypes with near-complete resistance to polyclonal neutralising antibodies generated by convalescent or mRNA vaccine recipients by combining variants of concern-associated and antibody-selected spike substitutions into a single polymutant spike protein. Plasma from people who had been infected and then underwent mRNA vaccination, on the other hand, neutralised pseudotypes with this more resistant SARS-CoV-2 polymutant spike, as well as other sarbecovirus spike proteins. As a result, adequately elicited human polyclonal antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 should be resistant to significant future SARS-CoV-2 mutation and may provide protection against future sarbecovirus pandemics

Introduction: Infertility is a sensitive problem, but only few couples access assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as IVF (In vitro fertilization). Research shows that the success rate of any ART procedure is below 30% at best. This paper presents a patient case of two unsuccessful IVF attempts by a couple, but in the third attempt of IVF they achieved successful pregnancy using Yoga Prana Vidya (YPV) intervention as complementary modality. Method: This paper uses case method going through medical reports, healers’ reports and patient’s and patient’s relative’s feedback on the results. Results: After 3 weeks of daily YPV healings, the subject’s 3rd attempt of IVF was successful, evidenced by the Ultrasound report confirming two foetuses. The subject’s health parameters were normal. Conclusion: Integrated Yoga Prana Vidya (YPV) system of healing and practice protocols have been helping the patients holistically to normalise their condition in physical, mental and emotional dimensions. YPV is simple yet very versatile system of proven protocols as complementary and alternative medicine, and it is recommended for all healthcare professionals to learn and practice YPV to complement in their areas of specialisation. Further research on application of YPV for improving human reproduction system may be conducted on appropriate sample to study the results on wider population.

Raw cocoa has the highest antioxidant value of all the natural foods in the world. Fresh cocoa beans are super-rich in the type of bioflavonoid called flavanols, which are strong antioxidants that help maintain healthy blood flow and blood pressure. Cornell University food scientists discovered that cocoa powder has nearly twice the antioxidants of red wine, and up to three times the antioxidants found in green tea. Cocoa also appears to have anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties. Considering all the health benefits it can be used as a dietary factor in daily life. In light of these scientific evidences, it can be considered as a potential candidate for further study on management of prostate cancer. Hence this detailed Pharmacognosy study of the plant has been performed.

Livestock, especially small ruminants, represent a significant asset among resource-poor smallholder farmers, particularly the pastoralist communities. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the potency of methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves, stems, barks, and roots against Haemonchus contortus. Different parts (leaf, stem bark, and root) of A. indica (neem) were collected in Gwagwalada. The plant was identified in the Herbarium Section of the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja. Abuja. The different parts of A. indica (neem) were air-dried at ambient temperature, after which each was pounded separately using a pestle and mortar and later sieved using a sieve mesh. 500g of each plant part was stored concealed at room temperature until required for use. 500g of each plant part collected was defatted in 2.5 litres of absolute methanol at room temperature for 8 hours to obtain the methanolic extract. The extract was filtered, and the filtrate evaporated to dryness at 50 °C under reduced pressure. The extracts were collected and concealed in aluminium foil paper and stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C until required. The goat’s intestinal waste was obtained from the Gwagwalada abattoir and conveyed in clean polythene bags to the Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, University of Abuja. The waste content was placed on a fluorescent picking board; the parasites were picked with a picker and transferred to Petri dishes containing water. 120 larvae in 0.1 ml in wells of microtitre plate (10 larvae in each microtitre) and concentrations of each of the extracts (leaf, stem, bark, and root) at 0.1 mg/ml, 1.0mg/ml, 10.0mg/ml, 100mg/ml, negative control (water) and positive control (Levamisole) was added to each of the wells. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids and absence of anthraquinones derivatives in stem bark, root, and leaf of A. indica (neem), presence of steroids in leaf and absence in stembark and root, presence of triterpenes in both stembark and root and its absence in leaf. Mortalities recorded were high in the positive control wells, increasing mortality as the time of exposure increased. At 24 hours of parasites exposure to the positive control, there was almost complete mortality of the parasites; none of the parasites survived in the positive control wells from the 30" hour of exposure. Only one mortality was observed in the negative control wells; even in wells with the highest exposure time, mortalities were not recorded. Mortalities of the parasites increased with an increase in concentration and with the time of exposure.

Ageing is thought to be a degenerative process caused by accumulated damage leading to cellular dysfunction, tissue, and organ failure, and eventually death. Although aging-related skin changes are considered the most important indicator of ageing, morphological and functional changes occur in all of the internal organs. Most of those changes are directly or indirectly associated with age-related decline of life quality. Histopathological features of the organs of old people are examined in postmortem tissues which are probably affected by diseases alongside ageing itself. Recent studies principally report the cellular changes obtained from rodents. The most commonly reported ageing-related ultrastructural changes are mitochondrial damage, lysosome and lipofuscin accumulation and dilatation or proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum. Here I summarize ageing-related changes in various organs such as skin, brain, heart, kidney, intestines etc. that have been revealed by light and electron microscopic examinations so far. Understanding ageing-related cell and tissue-based changes and related molecular mechanisms will contribute to the development of new strategies to prevent or eliminate age-related organ damage.

Despite its medicinal value, bitter kola is known as a prayer nut, and traditional lifestyle has brought us much food, such as chewing of bitter kola and its resources. Thirty-five male Wistar rats weighing between 160. to 200.g were divided into seven groups based on weight similarity. For 21 days, Group A was the control and was given only rat meal and water ad libitum, Group B (LDAEG) and C (HDAEG) were given500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg of G. kola aqueous extract, Group D (LDEEG) and E (HDEEG) were given500mg/kg and 1000mg/kgof G. kola ethanolic extract, and Group F (LDAEEG) and G (HDAEEG) were co-treated with 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg of G. kola aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. The rats were weighed and sacrificed on day 21, and their testes were harvested and fixed for histological studies. SPSS version 23 was used to analyse the data, and each groups mean and standard deviation were calculated. Our findings show that the experimental group had a considerable rise in body weight above the control group. The histological results of the testes showed normal features in the control group and mild inactive seminiferous tubules in the test groups. According to our findings, bitter kola has no negative effects on the Wistar rats testes, especially when taken in low doses.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) was one of the deadliest diseases in the world. DM was often associated with lipid metabolism error. Porang tubers contain glucomannan which could decrease cholesterol levels. Porang tubers also could be processed into the rice. This study analyzed the effect of porang-processed rice on LDL and HDL levels of DM-diagnosed patients.This study was conducted to determine the effect of porang-processed rice on LDL and HDL levels in DM-diagnosed patients.This study was an experimental study with the Pre-Test and Post-Test Control Group Design method, which used DM-diagnosed patients as research subjects. 24 research subjects were divided into 2 groups: the treatment group was given porang-processed rice and the control group was given white rice for 5 days. Measurement of LDL and HDL levels was carried out in both groups before and after treatment.There was a significant difference in giving porang-processed rice to LDL levels in DM-diagnosed patients (p = 0.021). There was no significant difference in giving porang-processed rice to HDL levels in DM patients (p = 0.102). However, there was a significant differencein deviation between LDL and HDL levelspre-test and post-test (p = 0,002 p = 0,001).There wasa significant difference between LDL levels in DM-diagnosed patients before and after being given porang-processed rice. There was no significant difference between HDL levels in DM patients before and after being given porang-processed rice.

This study examined characterization of bacteria pathogens associated with domestic water contamination in Owerri area. Ten samples of water were collected from various sources of water in Owerri and were bacteriologically analyzed. Using the Pour-plate method on nutrient agar, MacConkey, and Salmonella-Shigella agar and the Most Probable Number technique, the total heterotrophic count and the most probable number index of coliform using double and single strength MacConkey broth as well as confirmed and completed test were determined. Result was presented in mean ± standard deviation, and Log10cfu/ml. The total heterotrophic count ranges from 7.8 ± 1.06 x 105cfu/ml to 6.1 ± 0.21 x 105cfu/ml, total coliform count ranges from 4.0 ± 1.41 x 104 cfu/ml to 1.5 ± 0.0 x 104cfu/ml. The Log10cfu/ml for heterotrophic count ranges from 8.7 Log10cfu/ml to 5.79 Log10cfu/ml, total coliform ranges 3.6 Log10cfu/ml to 1.9 Log10cfu/ml. Student t - test was used in comparing the mean between total heterotrophic count and total coliform count. The result revealed that there is a significant difference between the mean P > 0.005. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas species, Salmonella species and Enterobacter species were the organisms identified. Water is indispensable for human health and wellbeing. Portable water is an essential amenity that will aid eradication of water-borne diseases as well as improve the environmental sanitation. There should be enlightenment programs for the communities and other concerned populace in order to educate them on the dangers of such water sources serving for drinking or utilization for other domestic activities

Introduction: Oral drugs are commonly prescribed for the treatment of acute pain. Other than these agents, certain anticonvulsants and antidepressants are also prescribed for chronic pain. Although being effective in providing pain relief, oral administration frequently results in systemic adverse drug reactions (ADRs), which may prevent their ongoing use and result in their discontinuation. Topical analgesics are useful to provide symptomatic benefits seen with oral agents but devoid of the systemic ADRs. Essential oils extracted from plants, some of which are known analgesic compounds like methyl salicylate, eucalyptus oil, clove oil, menthol, turpentine oil which form contents of the newly launched Iodex rapid action spray along with excipients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensorial profiling of newly launched Iodex rapid action spray in meeting the consumer expectations as topical pain relief spray. The other objective was to validate consumer perception of the product’s sensorial claims and appeal. Methods: This study was a prospective, blinded, monadic comparison, consumer sensory study conducted in 3 different cities in India. Participants were pre-recruited to try 3 different pain relief spray formulations, 30 min session per day. One product to be tested each day. The participants had to use the product and answer the questionnaire online. Only Sensorial aspects were checked. Results: Comparing the market sample 1 (Iodex rapid action spray) vs other formulations, all 3 products got very high level of consumer agreement. For the monadic score, market sample 1 was equal to if not better to than the other two i.e., market sample 2 and market sample 3 in regard to the sensory and participant liking claims. Conclusion: Market sample 1 (Iodex rapid action spray) got very high level of consumer agreement. Market sample 1 (Iodex rapid action spray) is equal to if not better to than the other two i.e., market sample 2 and market sample 3 regards to the sensory and liking claims.