The term adenoids in children denotes large formations of lymphoid tissue that normally exist in all children from birth, that is, immunity organs consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages, located retronasally, behind the nasal passages in the nasopharynx. Therefore, the question of whether a child has adenoids is in itself not correct, since the answer is obvious: all children have adenoids. Another question is that at a certain age, namely from 4 to 6 years, these lymphatic formations increase to their maximum size and can create a mechanical obstacle to breathing through the nose, especially in the supine position.

The term adenoids in children denotes large formations of lymphoid tissue that normally exist in all children from birth, that is, immunity organs consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages, located retronasally, behind the nasal passages in the nasopharynx. Therefore, the question of whether a child has adenoids is in itself not correct, since the answer is obvious: all children have adenoids. Another question is that at a certain age, namely from 4 to 6 years, these lymphatic formations increase to their maximum size and can create a mechanical obstacle to breathing through the nose, especially in the supine position.

Background: A pre-lacteal feed is any food other than mothers milk provided to a new-born before breastfeeding begins. It has an effect on the timing of breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding activities. Pre-lacteal feeding decreases the immunological benefits derived from colostrum while also increasing the risk of infection. Pre-lacteal feeding is a dangerous infant feeding technique that is commonly used in the developing world, including Bangladesh. The present study might help us to become well aware of the correct weaning practices by the rural mothers their beliefs and their customs and thus may guide us regarding the ways to improve the nutritional status of the rural children as well as to improve the knowledge and practice regarding pre-lacteal feeding and weaning of the mothers. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional type of descriptive study carried out with a view to assess knowledge and practice about pre-lacteal feeding and weaning of the mothers living in slums areas in Rajshahi, Bangladesh, duration was 8 months from May, 2014 to December, 2014. All the mothers living in slum areas in Rajshahi constituted the study population, sample size was 350 and purposive sampling technique was followed. A partially structured questionnaire duly pre-tested was used to collect data by face to face interview. Results: In this study most (57.7%) of the respondent had two children, (48.6%) mentioned honey as pre-lacteal food, (47.5%) of the respondents told that pre-lacteal feeding was given due to tradition and (49.7%) considered malnutrition as the effect of not giving colostrums. Regarding time of weaning, (55.7%) of the respondents mentioned that the babies should be weaned at the time of more than 6 months, hotchpotch (khichuri) was considered as common weaning food consisting of (40.0%). About 49.0% of the respondents considered malnutrition as the effect of improper weaning, most (67.6%) of the respondents considered honey as pre lacteal food and hotchpotch (37.8%) was regarded as the common type of weaning food, most (73.71%) of the respondents knew about pre-lacteal food, weaning was known to almost all (99.14%) of the respondents, pre-lacteal food was given to the baby by majority (73.14%) of the respondents and almost all (99.71%) of the respondents weaned their babies. There was relationship between occupation of the respondents husband and giving pre-lacteal food to their babies (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Pre-lacteal feeding was found to be more prevalent in slums in Rajshahi. Pre-lacteal feeding activity was closely linked to lower levels of schooling, increased family size, failure to attend ANC, and refusal to feed colostrum. As a result, improving mothers educational status, reducing family size, encouraging ANC follow-up, and colostrum feeding are all effective ways to avoid prelacteal feeding.

By 2008, it was estimated that there were about 12.7 million new cases of cancer worldwide, resulting in 7.6 million deaths. We are aware of the heterogeneity that exists and that it is impossible to link its development in any organ to a single pathophysiological mechanism. The greatest risk factor for developing cancer is aging, as age is directly proportional to accumulated aberrations and exposure to carcinogens. Most cancers occur in people who have no overt immunodeficiency. It is evident, then, that tumor cells must develop mechanisms to escape or evade the immune system in immunocompetent hosts. The main mechanisms of innate immunity against viruses are inhibition of infection by type I interferons and NK cell-mediated death of infected cells. The hypothesis is that perhaps the ability of epigenetic modification, which varies from virus to virus, is not exclusively reduced to the ability to activate genes that lead to cancer; but also randomly empower the organism to activate tumor suppressor genes.

Idiopathic solar dermatoses represent a group of diseases in which a chromophore endogenous is modified by the action of ultraviolet radiation and triggers clinical pictures characteristic. The most common of these entities is the polymorphic solar eruption, which represents one third of all photodermatosis. The study of idiopathic solar dermatoses is important, since they are frequent entities, have a negative in the quality of life of the patient and show characteristics similar to other skin diseases. An adequate diagnosis is crucial to determine the therapeutic approach, although on some occasions it may have spontaneous resolution. Photodermatoses are skin diseases produced by the action of electromagnetic radiation on the skin, either in the ultraviolet spectrum or in the range of visible light. A guest is required for your presentation immunologically susceptible.

The management of healing in burned patients is a critical aspect of burn care, with profound implications for patient outcomes. This bibliographic review article explores the epidemiology, transcendence, definition, risk factors, complications, and management of healing in burned patients. The discussion delves into various strategies and advances in the field, ultimately emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive approach to healing in the burned patient.

Surgical wound infections pose a substantial challenge in healthcare, affecting patient outcomes and healthcare costs. This comprehensive review explores recent advancements in the prevention and management of surgical wound infections. Innovations in infection prevention include antimicrobial dressings and closed-incision negative pressure wound therapy, which reduce the risk of infections. Minimally invasive surgery has gained popularity due to its potential to lower infection rates. Enhanced antimicrobial stewardship and personalized prophylactic antibiotics have emerged to minimize infection risk. Biofilm disruption and immunomodulation therapies aim to enhance infection resistance. Remote monitoring technologies facilitate early intervention. This review underscores the commitment to enhancing patient safety and healthcare efficiency in the context of surgical wound infections.

Bile duct injuries in the context of cholecystectomy present a multifaceted challenge for healthcare professionals. This review article delves into the epidemiology, theoretical framework, and comparative analysis of bile duct injuries, emphasizing open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy. With a slightly higher risk associated with laparoscopy, understanding the risk factors, early detection, and management strategies is crucial. Long-term surveillance, comprehensive follow-up care, and individualized surgical approaches play a pivotal role in perfecting patient outcomes. The ability of the surgical team and prudent patient selection significantly influence the risk of injuries. This review underscores the complexity of bile duct injuries, advocating for ongoing research and advancements to minimize their incidence and improve patient care.