The initial laboratory assay which demonstrated the activity of an antibacterial compound was performed by Alexander Fleming. He showed that an extract from the mold, Penicillium rubens, could inhibit the growth of several species of Gram-positive bacteria – but not Gram-negative bacteria that were cross-streaked on agar against the diffused Penicillium compound.

The article describes the global trends that characterize the development of the economy in 2020. The main economic results of 2020 are presented. Conclusions are drawn regarding the main trends in 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic. The points of view of foreign and domestic researchers on the pandemic and its consequences are presented.

A seventy-year-old human spends approx. twenty years, or one-third of their life, asleep. During sleep, their connection with the outside world is more or less lost, but in the meantime they experience exciting dreams that are difficult for rational thinking to grasp. Analysis of EEG recordings revealed that sleep can be divided into two sharply separated states: one is the so-called slow wave sleep; the other is the so-called paradoxical sleep (REM), e.g. characterized by strong eyeball movement. The slow sleep period can be divided into 4 periods based on the EEGs, and these follow each other in a well-defined order, then comes the paradoxical sleep and the whole thing is repeated; during a full sleep of approx. 4–6 times. The duration of paradox sleep depends on the individual, but it lasts for approx. 6–15 minutes. Compared to the literature, one of the significances of this article is also that we wrote a mathematical model of the sleep. This model also allows us to characterize different forms of particular sleep.

It is difficult to predict how the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, would react to an attempt to link his theory and the method of treating mental disorders based on it [1] with such a purely physical disease as acute pneumonia (AP). It is unlikely that such an innovation could cause full approval and support. However, in this context, we are not talking about psychoanalysis as a therapeutic method for AP. In this case, only the diagnostic features of this technique are of interest. The essence of psychoanalysis, which is based on the search for the causes of the so-called echoes of the past, as well as the connection between conscious and unconscious phenomena, can be useful in order to understand the causes of errors and paradoxes that exist in solving the problem of AP. In other words, we are not talking about the nuances of the disease itself, but about the peculiarities of its nature, since the interpretation of the essence of AP determines the principles of treatment and the final results.

Background: Substance abuse is self-administration of drugs for non-medical reasons, in quantities and frequencies which may impair an individual’s ability to function effectively and which may result in social, physical and emotional problems. Substance abuse is becoming a serious ongoing public health problem; it affects almost every community and family in some way. The common substances abused in most African countries including Ethiopia are alcohol, chat and tobacco Objective:To assess Knewledge, attitude and practice toward substance abuse abuse among the community of kebele 08 community, ShenkorWereda, Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia from December 10, 2020 – February 1, 2021. Methodology: Community based cross-sectional study using a pre-tested structured self-administered questionnaire was conducted from December10, 2020 to February 01, 2021.Simple random sampling technique was used to select 379 respondents from kebele 08, Shenkorworede, Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia residents. The data collection was done using a self-administered structured questionnaire and the data was entered and analyzed by using statistical package for social science version 24. The result is presented in tables and figures. Result: In this study 379 respondents were included. The 206 (54.4%) of the respondents were abused to drinking alcohol, while 61.5%, 32.7% and 13.7% of the respondents were abused to chewing khat, smoking cigarettes and hashish respectively.The 201(53%), 55 (14.5%), 48 (12.7%),30(7.9%),32(8.4%) of participants responded that smoking causes heart attack, diabetic ulcer, impotency, bladder cancer and poor wound healing respectively. The health risks of khat chewing reported by the participants were constipation 58(24.1%), loss of appetite 34(14.1%), gastritis 33(13.7%) and teeth problem 22(9.1%) respectively.In the current study age [AOR=19, 95% CI: 2.46-19.46] and educational status [AOR=43.19, 95%CI: 8.42-187.84] are associated with knowledge about substance abuse. Conclusion and Recommendation: Despite high level of knowledge regarding substance abuse, the prevalence of substance abuse among community remains high.