Green manufacturing is the minimization of hazardous matter in the process of designing, production and technology which may affect the domain of the earth and lead towards global warming. It generally refers to broad area including air, water and land pollution, energy usage and efficiency, waste generation and recycling. It is well known fact that production of greenhouse gases (N2O, CO2 and CH4) which are measured to calculate the carbon footprint majorly affect the global warming. Hence to save the environment, it is most significant to decrease the carbon footprint of a sector. Researchers have agreed that one of the main reasons for global warming is Industrialization, and green manufacturing can be considered an effective tool to control and minimize the GHG emission from Industries so this paper will review the application of green manufacturing across the industries including transportation, electricity generation, cement industry, textile and apparel industry etc.

The extensive scope of climate change research and the diversity of scientific traditions involved in vulnerability research have resulted in different conceptual definitions and theoretical conceptualizations of the climate vulnerability phenomenon. This diversity of interpretations has led to copious methods for operationalizing vulnerability as an analytical concept, i.e., frameworks and approaches for vulnerability assessments. This paper is intended to review literature on climate change vulnerability by exploring and synthesizing the various conceptual and analytical frameworks which is regarded to be important in the assessment of vulnerability to climate change. From the reviewed literature, several interpretation of the concept of climate change vulnerability as well as theoretical frameworks are brought to the fore. The paper further highlighted on the two well- known methodologies of estimating vulnerability in literature; the vulnerability variable assessment method and the indicator technique by espousing the merits and demerits of each approach. It is suggested that exploring integrated quantitative vulnerability assessment approach will enhance the understanding of climate change vulnerabilities.

Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) is a sustainable biomaterial to replace the synthetic plastics for coating on the paper to enhance their barrier and mechanical properties. Spraying CNF is a flexible process for fabricating barrier layers on the paper. Spraying CNF suspension vary from 0.5 wt.% to 1.5 wt.% on the paper substrates gives coat weight varied from 2.9±0.7 to 29.3±6.9 g/m2. As a result, CNF coat weights act as barrier layers and reduced the air permeance from 0.78±0.17 to < 0.003 µm/Pa.S. Sprayed CNF fills the surface pores in the paper and formed barrier layers as laminates on the paper evaluated via SEM. Coated CNF also increase the mechanical strength of the paper from 109.7±7 to 131.1±13.4 N while tailoring the coat weight vary from 2.9±0.7 to 29.3±6.9 g/m2. This process can be implemented in a roll to roll coating with an integration of sprayer for continuous process via scale up.

This work ascertained the socioeconomic effects of covid-19 pandemic on rural farm families’ well-being and food systems in Imo State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine farm families’ awareness of Covid-19 pandemic; identify information sources on Covid-19 pandemic, and determine the perceived effects on farm families’ well-being and food systems. Data were collected using well-structured questionnaire and complemented by oral interview. Purposive random sampling was used to select 452 respondents from farming communities in Imo State, Nigeria. The descriptive statistics including percentages, mean and standard deviation were used to further analyze the data. The results obtained revealed that the respondents were fully aware of covid-19 pandemic as shown by the use of face masks (100%), lock down (97.37%) imposition by the government, vaccination (99.5%), among others. Several sources of information exist on Covid-19 pandemic, such as radio (100%), television (75.5%), churches (88.4%), and town criers (99.5%). The effects on well-being and food systems includes loss of income (M=3.41), loss of employment (M=3.68), disruption of food supply (M=3.67), increased food cost (M=3.70), reduced food availability (M=2.89), death/illness (M=2.67), reduced food distribution (M=2.75) increased transport cost (M=3.41), increase food prices (M=2.91) among many others.