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Cinnamon is used in knocking and medicine for many centuries and in different countries. Several researches about cinnamon have exhibited its curative potentials, which include: immunomodulatory, gastroprotective, antidiabetic, antilipemic, antihypertensive, antitumor, antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial. Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol and Beta-caryophyllene are the major active ingredients in cinnamon. The mode of action for the therapeutic effects indicating the anti-diabetic and antihypertensive activities of cinnamon and its chemical components have not been deeply investigated. May systematic review articles have found that the taking the extracts or having cinnamon tea have potential antidiabetic effects. Researches about the action of cinnamon on hypertension still debated. However, a number of experimental trials have found significant antihypertensive effect for cinnamon. This review cast a brief light on the active ingredients and the activity of cinnamon in the reduction of high blood pressure and hyperglycemic status.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger) a genus classified within the family “Zingiberaceae”. This family is known because of its high content of dietary and biochemical components, especially the impacts against diabetes mellitus and inflammation. Ginger, perform the antihyperglycemic activity by causing restoration for ß-cells in pancreas, providing protection for the morphology of ß-cells, amelioration of the pathological injuries of kidneys, control of the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, regulation of hepatic gene expression of enzymes associated with glucose metabolism, inhibition oxygen free radicles caused during glucose metabolism, translocation of GLUT4, inhibition of liver glucose production, stimulation of pancreatic insulin release, inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, high production of hepatic glycogen through the improvement of glycogen synthesis in the liver, and decreasing insulin resistance, and peripheral consumption of blood sugar as well as its antioxidant activity. This review cast a brief light on the active ingredients and the activity of cinnamon in the reduction of high blood glucose

Counseling services from pharmacists provide education about how to take medication, the amount and consistency in taking medication for patients in the hope that the patient will comply with the treatment or therapy they are undergoing. One thing that influences patient compliance is the level of patient knowledge that can be obtained from counseling. The aim of this study was to determine the level of compliance of hypertensive patients at La Temmamala Regional Hospital, Soppeng Regency with the counseling provided. This research used a sample of 59 respondents. With this type of research, one group pre-test and post-test design. The pretest was carried out on respondents who were then given treatment in the form of intervention, namely counseling. The posttest is carried out when taking the next drug. The research results showed an increase in the level of compliance after providing counseling. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon test showed that there was a significant influence (p=0.00001) between the pretest and posttest scores. Pretest data for patients with a low level of compliance was 89.84%, moderate compliance was 10.16%. Posttest data for patients with moderate levels of compliance was 54.24% and high compliance was 45.76%.

Dysmenorrhea is pain felt in the lower abdomen during menstruation due to an imbalance of prostaglandin hormones.Learning activities are student activities in the learning process, both physical activities and psychological activities. One factor that can interfere with learning activities is the level of dysmenorrhea pain. Learning requires a healthy physique, because it will affect body tissues so that learning activities are also good, while physical pain will cause fatigue, lack of enthusiasm, dizziness, etc.WHO (World Health Organization) says the incidence of dysmenorrhea is 1,769,425 people, almost (90%) women experience dysmenorrhea. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between dysmenorrhea pain levels and learning activities in female nursing students at the Immanuel Health Institute.The study was conducted in 2023 using a quantitative approach. The design of this study was Cross sectional with a population of 256 students and a sample of 68 female students using proportional stratified random sampling technique. The results of the analysis found that more than half (73.5%) of female students had their learning activities disrupted and obtained a significant P-value of 0.02<0.05 which means there is a relationship between the level of dysmenorrhea pain and learning activities at the Immanuel Health Institute. Suggestions in this study are the need for relaxation techniques to divert pain for students with various techniques such as deep breathing, listening to music and other non-pharmacological therapies.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been considered a multifunctional interleukin, belongs to the pro-inflammatory cytokines, stimulate the production of various polypeptides accounted for acute inflammatory response, and exerts a crucial function in the cells’ division, survival and differentiation of and is responsible for many cellular metabolic alterations. Interleukin (IL)-6 is formed at the location of inflammatory response and perform a principal function in the acute inflammatory phase stage by the release of many acute phase polypeptides. Overproduction of IL-6 has been found to be a major cause in the pathophysiology of several illnesses including post-menopausal osteoporosis, psoriasis, Castleman’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, pyelonephritis and multiple myeloma. Studies suggested that IL-6 can be recommended as a key indicator for prediction of elongated COVID-19 status and to determine “early stage” of extended COVID-19. This review aims to state the main mechanisms by which Il-6 exert its role during inflammatory response and its pathophysiological aspects in the development of many diseases

Benign orbital tumor is known to be with a broad variation in the clinical features and findings. Tumors in this small cavity could quickly result in crucial symptoms in vision, even though complete loss of vision. These tumors may be infectious, inflammatory or neoplastic. Management and follow up may differ based on the tumor type, site, and spread into other systems. Because of what is known that the orbital cavity constitutes a small space, so that tiny projections like that observed with tumors and infection could result in huge physiologic disorders in near structures leading to anatomical and weak or total loss of vision. Deep awareness about orbit structure and physiology is needed to be aware about the complications of different orbital disorders and surgical therapy. Orbital cystic tumors comprise a collection of masses with various sings, histopathology and pathogenesis. This article cast a light on the epidemiology and classification of “cystic benign orbital tumors”.

Gastric cancer remains a significant health issue, particularly when occurring in younger populations with more aggressive forms and poorer outcomes. Here, we present the case of a 24-year-old female diagnosed with poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma. She presented with severe epigastric pain, progressive dysphagia, hyper salivation, melena, and significant weight loss. Diagnostic evaluations revealed a subcardial mass suggestive of Bormann type III gastric cancer. Following a multidisciplinary decision, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with the FLOT regimen was initiated, resulting in a 10% reduction in tumor size. The patient underwent spleen-preserving total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction and extensive lymph node dissection. Postoperative pathology showed no residual neoplasm or lymph node metastasis. This case highlights the importance of a multimodal approach, demonstrating the efficacy of the FLOT regimen in achieving a complete pathological response and underscores the potential for favorable outcomes even in rare and aggressive cases of gastric cancer.

This research was planned in order to determine the eating and food buying behaviors of generations Y and Z. The research was carried out using descriptive/cross-sectional research model. The population of the study consists of individuals born between 1980 and 1999 living in a province of Turkey (generation Y) and individuals born in the year 2000 and later (generation Z). A total of 382 individuals were determined as a sample from among the individuals in the population by stratified sampling method. The study was completed with a total of 569 participants, including 241 from generation Y and 328 from generation Z. The data were collected with the “Information Form” and the “Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire”. Data analysis SPSS v26 (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) were made with the statistical package program. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, independent t-test was used for binary group comparisons and One-Way ANOVA was used for multi-group comparisons. In the study a statistically significant difference was found between the scale scores of Y and Z generation participants and the gender variable (p=0.005, p=0.001, respectively). In the study, a statistically significant difference was found between the scale scores of generation Z participants and the “State of paying attention to whether the food is organic when buying”, “State of paying attention to the content of the food to be bought” and “State of social media influencing food purchasing decisions” (p<0.05). A significant difference was found between the scale scores of the Y generation participants and the “Paying attention to the TSE stamp when buying food” (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the total scale scores of generation Y and generation Z in the study (p>0.05). As a result, it was found that the eating behaviors of generation Y and Z were similar. However, it has been determined that food buying behaviors can show differences.

Antibacterial resistance (ABR) is nowadays considered as a public global health problem, with expected mortality rate of 106 yearly by 2050. ABR happens when pathogenic bacteria are not affected to antibacterial therapy, resulting in the spread of the pathogens inside the host. Antibacterial resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a significant concern that is correlated with high rates of deaths and illness. Bacterial resistance to many antibiotics in Gram- negative and – positive bacteria can’t be treated easily and might not be irradicated by conventional antimicrobials. Resistance acquisition to antimicrobials by bacterial pathogens is one of the most critical issues that should be well studied, especially by the increasing data that indicated a very high rates, that may reach 100% of pathogenic bacteria that resist to many antibiotics in developing countries, principally in Asia and Africa. ABR has also been found that transfer of resistance genes is the main mechanism by which acquisition of resistance to antibiotics is mediated among many species of pathogenic bacteria.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant extensively cultivated in Middle Eastern and South Asian countries where its seeds have been traditionally used as flavoring agents in food and in folk medicine for a variety of ailments, including diabetes. Its active ingredients include proteins, saponins, polyphenols, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Extracts were found rich in different phytoconstituents, such as trigonelline, diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, 3-hydroxyisoleucine, fenugreekine, saponins, and alkaloids, of which, 4-hydroxyisoleucine and saponins were focused as bioactive molecules. Fenugreek extracts and ingredients exhibit antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Even though fenugreek is known for its thrombolytic action, antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic effects are often cited as its most important therapeutic effects. Furthermore, some of the active principles and hypoglycemic activity of fenugreek have been characterized and reported. The present article aims to provide an overview of the active ingredients and antidiabetic activity of fenugreek.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been known as an aerobic rod bacterium, with negative response to Gram staining, does not form spores. It is able to cause many types of infectious diseases human. Because of its tendency to cause infections in people with weakened immune systems, its adaptability, resistance to antibiotics, and the wide range of dynamic defense mechanisms it possesses, this organism is a very difficult thing to treat in modern medicine. This bacterial species is accountable for both hospital and community-acquired infections. They frequently cause hospital pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa contain various virulence factors like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), exoenzyme S and exotoxin a. aminoglycosides, cephalosporins and carbapenems are the first line of antibiotic therapy for P. aeruginosa infection. This article highlights the epidemiology, virulence factors, diagnosis and management of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Endometriosis is a condition defined as extrauterine functional endometrial tissue, typically seen on pelvic peritoneal surfaces, leading to symptoms such as cyclic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility. Extra-pelvic endometriosis is uncommon, especially the umbilical form. We present an interesting case of primary umbilical endometriosis (Villar’s nodule) in a patient with no medical or surgical history, who presented with umbilical pain and bleeding. She was found to have a bluish umbilical nodule, which was surgically removed and sent to the pathology to confirm the diagnosis. The report aims to highlight the diagnosis and management of umbilical endometriosis and the possibility of its occurrence even in patients without prior surgical history.

Psoriasis is a common condition, affecting approximately 3-7% of the population in Western countries. It does not only affect the skin, as the buildup of skin cells can also result in the development of psoriatic arthritis that progresses to joint destruction. It is a chronic condition affecting over 60 million people worldwide. The incidence of psoriasis varies globally, with some countries reporting rates as low as 0.1% and others as high as 11.8%. This review discusses in detail the different aspects related to the epidemiology, etiology, and therapeutic approaches of psoriasis.

Aim: The study aims to evaluate the use of virtual reality during school vaccination and its impact on children’s fears and anxiety. Methods: The study was carried out as a randomized controlled study in primary schools located in a city centre. The study was completed with 169 (experimental group=84, control group=85) students. Child and Parent Information Form, Children’s Fear Scale and Children’s Anxiety Scale-State Scale were used to collect the data. Data were analysed using SPSS version (SPSS 25.0 SPSS, Chicago, IL). Independent samples t-test was used to compare independent data with normal distribution, and dependent samples t-test was used to compare dependent data. Data with normal distribution were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Chi-square test was used to compare categorical data, which were presented as frequency (percentage). Results: While the mean score of Children’s Fear Scale post-vaccination was 0.64 in the experimental group, it was 2.16 in the control group. Post-vaccination mean score of Children’s Anxiety Scale-State was 2.14 in the experimental group; however, it was 6.06 in the control group. The Children’s Fear Scale and Children’s Anxiety Scale-State scores were higher in the control group compared to the experimental group. Conclusion: This study is the first study of virtual reality to reduce fear and anxiety during vaccine administration. Study results have demonstrated its effectiveness and will fill a knowledge gap in the literature.

Aim: Design, molecular docking, synthesis, and evaluation of cytotoxic activity of new compounds I, II, III, and IV that have isatin-sulfonamide derivatives. Materials and Methods: for chemical synthesis, chemical compounds such as sulfonamide, 4-amino ethyl benzoate, isatin, and its derivatives were used. For the docking study (MOE), software program version 2015.10 was used. The MTT assay was utilized to predict the cytotoxic activity. Results: The synthesized compounds demonstrated significant inhibition of carbonic anhydrase XII activity through molecular docking, as well as significant inhibition of cancer cell viability. Compounds II and IV show higher S-scores than acetazolamide. Also, the MTT assay shows that compounds II and IV have IC50 values of 0.06 µM and 0.105 µM against MCF-7 cells, respectively, while acetazolamide has an IC50 value of 0.394 µM. While acetazolamide had an IC50 of 0.901 µM, compounds II and IV had IC50s of 0.063 µM and 0.114 µM against Hct116 cells, respectively. The MTT assay explains compounds II and IV have better cytotoxic activity compared with acetazolamide. Conclusion: New compounds that were produced showed signs of cytotoxicity and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory qualities.

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Acute appendicitis is one of the most common abdominal emergencies, yet the cause is still not clearly understood. The most accepted theory is based on luminal obstruction, but obstructive fecaliths are found in only a portion of the patients. In fact, the bacterial etiology of appendicitis may be more common than fecal-foreign body. Literature was searched for studies that isolated bacteria from the appendix using either culturing techniques or molecular techniques and were case-control in nature. The main scope of this review is to provide an overview of the studies conducted regarding the role of bacteria in the causation of appendicitis, as well as to review recent molecular studies.

Short Toddlers (Stunting) is a nutritional status based on the Body Length according to Age (PB/U) index or Body Height according to Age (TB/U) where in the anthropometric standard for assessing children’s nutritional status, the results of these measurements are at the threshold (Z- Score) -3 SD to <-2 SD (short /stunted) and <-3 SD (very short/ severely stunted). The formulation of the problem is how Stunting occurs in toddlers aged 12-36 months and whether there is an influence of the type of food, amount of food, food schedule, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and zinc on the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 12-36 months. This research aims to analyze the influence of diet and intake of macro and micronutrient zinc on the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 12-36 months. This type of observational research uses a cross-sectional design. This research was carried out in Usitasae Village. The sample in this study consisted of 54 toddlers using cluster random sampling techniques with bivariate analysis using the chi-square test and multivariate analysis using the multinominal logistic regression test. The results of data analysis on the prevalence of stunting in toddlers aged 12-36 months were 64.8%. The relationship between nutritional intake and the incidence of stunting in toddlers is the type of food (P value = 0.005 = a = 0.05), the amount of food (P value = 0.018 = a = 0.05), the food schedule (P value = 0.022 = a = 0.05), carbohydrates (P value = 0.010 = a = 0.05), protein (P value = 0.000 = a = 0.05), fat (P value = 0.008 = a = 0.05), zinc (P value = 0.006 = a = 0.05). There is a relationship between the type of food, amount of food, food schedule, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and zinc on the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 12-36 months. There is a need for further study regarding the intake of macro and micronutrients zinc in toddlers aged 12-36 months.