Breast cancer is one complex disease with different molecular and cellular changes. The pathophysiologic features of cancer are based on genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences; thus the disease has several subtypes that differ in behavior and response to treatment. The pathophysiology of breast cancer includes a number of factors that interplay among genetic mutations, hormonal influences, and microenvironment factors. Although these have been greatly elucidated by current research, more detailed understanding is requisite for further enhancement in the outcomes of treatment and development of individualized therapies. New technologies and methodologies are quick to surface; however, they promise better deciphering of breast cancer complexity and consequently better routes for interventions aimed at maximum efficacy. This literature review serves to synthesize the most recent findings on the pathophysiology of breast cancer in light of its complexity, identification of gaps in the current state of knowledge, and suggestions for directions future research should take.

The histology of the prostate is critical for understanding both normal prostate function and the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. The prostate gland comprises a complex architecture that includes a functional secretory epithelium, a basal epithelium, and a supporting stroma with a variety of cell types. Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common form of prostate cancer, characterized by acinar-type architecture. The consistent ranking of prostate cancer as a leading cause of cancer diagnosis and mortality reflects an urgent need for ongoing research into its etiology, risk factors, and effective treatment modalities. This review article cast a light on the diagnostic histopathological techniques of prostate cancer.

IL-17 is a pleiotropic cytokine key in lead to the proinflammatory nature within the immune system and thus it has a pronounced effect of inflammation and therefore disease pathogenesis which is particularly relevant in the case of osteoarthritis as well as other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. While enormous strides have been made regarding its functions, additional studies are required to fill the gaps left over from previous studies and develop novel ways of treating or managing chronic inflammatory conditions on the basis of our advanced understanding of IL-17. IL-17 immune responses are still a mysterious package in acting in defense mechanisms of hosts and at the same trace back to autoimmune disease development due to its biphasic nature— this therefore justifies why an interest for exploring mechanisms by which production is achieved plus effects produced scientifically can be directed towards therapeutic opportunities yet to be fully realized. Such studies will unquestionably provide insights into immune regulation with an optimism for the development of alternative treatment strategies.

The sinusitis, an inflammation of paranasal sinuses, is one of the most common diseases that affect many individuals all over the world. The etiology and epidemiology of sinusitis result from complex multifactor interaction of environmental, genetic and infectious factors. Management typically involves both pharmacological and non-pharmacological means. The rationale being, sinusitis, an inflammation of the sinus cavities, is usually a disorder perpetuated by pathogenic bacteria. It is critical to have a complete understanding of the microbial landscape associated with the disease to develop proper therapeutic regimens. In this literature review, recent studies are synthesized about the contribution of pathogenic bacteria to sinusitis, wherein interrelations between different microbial populations and host factors are also proposed as gaps for future research. In addition, treatment and therapeutic strategies have been also highlighted.

Cholecystitis is defined as an inflammation of the gallbladder. It is of major concern because if left untreated, it can progress to complex pathologies. The high burden of cholecystitis underlines the importance of epidemiological knowledge regarding its prevalence, risk factors, and related comorbid conditions for proper planning of preventive and therapeutic measures. This literature review presents recent insights into the bacteria causing cholecystitis, the problem of multidrug resistance, and the hypothetical effect of the gut microbiome on the health of the gallbladder.

In order to better understand the epidemiology of the hand, foot, and mouth diseases disease, this study intends to investigate the application of the global and local Moran’s I statistic in the detection of spatial autocorrelation analysis of hand, foot, and mouth diseases during the 29th and 30th week of July 2024 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Methods: The global and local Moran’s I statistics (LISA) were used to analyze the spatial clusters of hand, foot, and mouth disease, including spatial clusters (high-high and low-low) and spatial outliers (low-high and high-low). Results: the city’s central and northern districts had the medium prevalence of these diseases. The southern part of the city has the lowest prevalence of hand, foot, and mouth disease. The city’s west, center, and south were found to include the high-high, low-low spatial clusters, and low-high spatial outliers, respectively. Conclusions : The results of the investigation demonstrated how well LISA worked when examining the spatial clustering of diseases associated with hand, foot, and mouth syndrome.

Psychosis is a mental illness that causes an alteration in the notion of reality, where a world of its own is formed in the mind of the psychotic, in other words, he lives in a delirium and suffers hallucinations, hearing voices and having bizarre visions. Objectives: To carry out a literature review on Forensic Psychiatry and how to assess the mental health of a serial killer. Method: The methodology used was a literature review. The research was carried out by means of an electronic search for scientific articles published on the Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and Lilacs (Latin American Health Sciences Literature) and Pubmed websites. The health terminologies consulted in the Health Sciences descriptors (DeCS/BIREME) were used; regarding Forensic Psychiatry and how to assess the mental health disorder of a serial killer.The inclusion criteria were: original article, published in Portuguese and English, freely accessible, in full, on the subject, in electronic format and published in the last years (2010 to 2024), totaling 26 articles. Results and Discussion: While antisocial personality disorder is a medical diagnosis, the term “psychopathy”, which belongs to the psychiatric-forensic sphere, can be understood as a “legal diagnosis”. There is still no effective treatment for so-called “serial killers”. Conclusion: Personality disorders, especially the antisocial type, still represent a real challenge for forensic psychiatry today. The most appropriate and fair place for its sufferers, as well as homogeneous treatment recommendations, are still unanswered questions.

Concern for antibiotic resistance in Gram negative bacteria is fast becoming a global issue due to the reduction of effectiveness of current drugs. This review deconstructs the material in a logical, categorized manner, examining the biochemistry of antibiotic resistance mechanisms such as efflux pumps, enzymatic degradation, genetic changes, and the regulation of those changes. Close associated gene transfer, especially the plasmids-mediated resistance, and how biofilms contribute to the survival of bacteria under antibiotic pressure. Present methods of detection and diagnosis are also described with emphasis on the importance of identifying a resistant strain quickly and accurately. Last, we discuss directions for ongoing and future progress in tackling antibiotic resistance, such as new treatments and public health directions. Based on these observations, it is the hope of this review to contribute to the existing literature and initiatives geared towards reversing the escalating problem of antibiotic resistance.