The objective of this study is to examine the impact of work ability, servant leadership, and workload on employee performance, with organizational commitment serving as a mediating factor, at the East Java Province Maritime and Fisheries Service. This research offers both theoretical and practical advantages. This study employs a quantitative methodology. The data were gathered by a questionnaire that was issued to workers of the Secretariat, Maritime and Fisheries Service of East Java Province via an online form. This study used a saturation sampling strategy, which involves including all members of the population as respondents or selecting a sample of 71 individuals. The SEM-PLS statistical technique was utilized to conduct testing on the 7 stated hypotheses. The research findings indicate the following relationships: 1) Work ability has a significant impact on employee performance; 2) Work ability has a significant impact on organizational commitment; 3) Servant Leadership has a significant impact on employee performance; 4) Servant Leadership has a significant impact on organizational commitment; 5) Workload has a significant impact on employee performance; 6) Workload does not have a significant impact on organizational commitment; 7) Organizational commitment has a significant impact on employee performance.

The objective of the research was to design and validate an instrument that delimits the degree of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors for sustainability among students entering the University. The methodology used has a non-experimental, transversal and descriptive design of a diagnostic and quantitative nature. The results highlight the design and validation of a 33-item instrument that can be used in different contexts and educational levels. It is concluded that knowledge alone is not enough, but also a positive change in people s attitudes, demonstrating behaviors, customs and lifestyles in favor of the environment.

The current research deals with one of the important and contemporary topics in the organizational field. The concept of digital leadership is one of the modern leadership styles adopted by contemporary organizations that leave a positive impact on job performance. The main idea of this research is to know the essential role played by digital leadership in enhancing job performance. The aim of the research is to study the theoretical relationship between digital leadership in its fourth dimensions (digital vision, professional development of individuals, digital capabilities, generation of digital networks) and job performance in its three dimensions (task performance, contextual performance, opposite performance). The research was applied to a random sample of heads of departments and rapporteurs in the scientific departments at the Islamic University in Najaf Governorate, which included (63) individuals. The analytical theoretical approach was used and the data was collected by sources and references andwas analyzed critically. Research has found that digital leadership contributes to better relationships with others because it encourages more positive interactions. One of the most important theoretical conclusions reached by the research is that digital leadership improves functional performance by following modern and advanced technology methods and tools that contribute to enhancing performance, andare critical factors for the organization researched in the digital environment, as they contribute to enhancing learning and achieving success and excellence.

Indonesia encounters substantial challenges in higher education during the digital revolution and post- COVID-19 era, particularly in aligning graduates with the demands of the workforce. The Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) program has been implemented as a solution, offering experiential learning opportunities through off-campus activities. However, its implementation at Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta (UMJ) encounters various obstacles, including limited human resources, challenges in developing flexible curricula, and disparities in educational access. This study explores the implementation of MBKM at UMJ using a qualitative case study approach, focusing on curriculum management, human resource readiness, and challenges faced. The findings reveal that while MBKM contributes to enhancing students skills and the relevance of education to workforce needs, barriers such as limited technology in partner schools, intensive schedules, and inadequate administrative support persist. This study provides strategic recommendations to enhance MBKM implementation, including enhanced faculty training, better resource management, and increased accessibility for students from diverse backgrounds. These findings are expected to serve as a foundation for developing inclusive and competency-oriented higher education policies.

Urbanization and industrialization have led to rural-urban migration of workers, especially the low income earners. By their influx, shanty towns develop, where the conditions are perplexed with poor road networks, lack of good drinking water and inadequate sanitary conditions. These conditions have caused decrease in the level of human capital and social development of many communities. This study is a sociological analysis of urban problems, focusing on the socio-economic and social amenities as they affect human capital and social development of residents of Ibipolo. The paper adopts a qualitative and ex-post-facto design approach. The population of the study consisted of 70 household heads. Instrument for the study was a questionnaire. Findings indicated higher number of informal workers as residents; lower level education population and high rates of capital crimes. Basic social amenities as public water supply, health care facilities, and schools are non-existent. Unsanitary conditions in the community typify prevalence of health challenges. It is recommended that, government adopt a more equitable distribution of social infrastructures in order to improving the physical quality of life of citizens. Update the national habitat policy to accommodate the low-income earners. Increase human capital and social development opportunities for the citizens.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) has become a stakeholder demand for companies today. However, not all companies have successfully integrated the concept into the business model and gained value. In Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), the implementation of ESG is considered insignificant. Therefore, this study aims to identify ESG practices and gain insight into MSME s understanding of ESG. Hence, it provides an initial overview of current ESG practices as part of non-financial activities in the MSME sector. This research is also expected to provide additional insight to regulators. Research data was obtained through questionnaires on ESG and analyzed according to the responses of each pillar. Enumerators then guided the questions to MSMEs in the Sub-districts of Nanggewer Mekar, Pabuaran Mekar, and Pondok Rajeg. MSMEs in these sub-districts were selected because Nanggewer Mekar, Pabuaran Mekar, and Pondok Rajeg are actively involved in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry climate village program. Results show that from the initial identification of ESG understanding in MSMEs, respondents know about climate change issues and their impact on the environment, society, and governance. However, respondents understanding varies according to the perceived benefits to their business. In addition, respondents have not implemented elements of the ESG concept systematically and holistically. Therefore, the ESG concept has not been integrated into their strategy or business model. The study is limited in scope and area. Therefore, research also might be developed into empirical research to support the recent findings. Further, this research studies MSME s initial understanding of ESG activities.

This study explores how undergraduate students growth of their English writing skills is impacted by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. This study addresses the key topic of whether AI-assisted writing instruction enhances undergraduate students positive evaluations of the learning process, reduces anxiety, and improves writing skills as the significance of proficient academic writing grows. The study employed a mixed-methods design with two groups of fifteen University of Sebha, Libya students each: the experimental group and the control group In terms of method, data was obtained through pre and post-tests and writing examples that took place over 16 weeks. A control group made use of conventional approaches toward writing, while the experimental group used AI technologies during writing. The writing samples were qualitatively scored by expert raters while statistically comparing the test scores. In addition, the experimental group showed improvement in writing quality, grammatical complexity, and vocabulary. These findings confirm the positive effect of AI on writing skills. AI-assisted education enhances writing skills, increases confidence, and decreases anxiety. These findings suggest that using AI in writing classes can effectively aid language acquisition, benefiting teachers and curriculum developers.

The prime objective of any country in the world is to achieve a steady growth in each macroeconomic variable such as exchange rate, inflation rate, interest rate, money supply, price stability, balance of payment, unemployment rate, foreign direct investment etc. The study the examines the long-run asymmetric effect of macroeconomics variables on economic growth in Nigeria using quartly data from 2000Q1 to 2021Q4. The study employed nonlinear ARDL model. The Zivot-Andrew unit root test indicates that real gross domestic product, interest rate, exchange rate and crude oil price are integrated of order one in other words are stationary at first difference while inflation rate is integrated of order zero in other word it is stationary at level. The results of nonlinear ARDL model show that interest rate has a positive effect on the real gross domestic product in Nigeria. The variable real exchange rate has a negative effect on the real gross domestic product in Nigeria, inflation rate has a negative effect on the real gross domestic product in Nigeria and crude oil price has a positive effect on the real gross domestic product in Nigeria. Therefore, the current study concludes that there exist an asymmetry effect in the long-run of macroeconomics variables such as interest rate, exchange rate, inflation rate, and crude oil price in the Nigerian economy. The study recommends that Nigerian government should endeavor to bring macroeconomics variables such as interest rate, exchange rate, inflation rate and crude oil price under control in order to boast the economic growth by managing interest rate to its lowest level, stabilizing forex market in a way that the Nigerian currency will not depreciate and increase the production of crude oil in order to the demand.

The main objective of this study is to analyze and describe a high-tech-based disruptive innovation model, focusing on network infrastructure availability and leadership strengthening. This was conducted through a qualitative descriptive approach, utilizing direct observation and in-depth interviews with five informants to address issues related to weak initiatives in implementing high-tech-based disruptive innovation models, with data analysis techniques using triangulation. This research resulted in a high-tech-based disruptive innovation model as a form of transformation and innovation in information services, shifting from conventional to digital by integrating three areas of information services: Education to Citizen (EdtoC), Education to Entrepreneurship (EdtoE), and Education to Education (EdtoEd). The conclusions drawn indicate that a high-tech-based disruptive innovation model within the realms of Education to Citizen (EdtoC), Education to Entrepreneurship (EdtoE), and Education to Education (EdtoEd) enables educational institutions to explore new opportunities, test ideas, and face emerging competition on the global landscape through adequate network infrastructure availability, political will, and strong leadership. These factors help in addressing issues of coordination, communication, and synchronization to foster a more modern work culture. The implications of this disruptive innovation model perspective provide an operational concept that integrates cyber technology for strategic decision-making processes, meeting the aspects of confirmability and transferability, ensuring that it can be applied in other settings.

This study sought to know the role of the functional fingerprint in reducing and supporting the manifestations of chaos in the work environment. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach. The main research problem revolved around a basic question: Does the functional fingerprint have a role in reducing the manifestations of chaos in the work environment? The study focused on two main hypotheses that assume that there is a correlation and impact between the functional fingerprint and the manifestations of chaos in the work environment. Sadr Medical City was chosen as a community to apply the study and the medical staff working in it. The sample of the study consisted of (185) respondents. The questionnaire was used as a main tool for data collection and was analyzed by the (spssv.23) program. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: There is a positive correlation between the functional fingerprint and the manifestations of chaos in the work environment, and this indicates The job imprint left by the employee in his field of work has an effective and important role in reducing the manifestations of chaos in the work environment , as well as the existence of a positive impact relationship between the job imprint and the manifestations of chaos in the work environment. This means that reducing the effectiveness of the manifestations of chaos in the work environment requires the presence of competent and effective administrative leaders in the field of harmonizing between the internal and external environment and identifying the most important problems and challenges and diagnosing the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. The current study confirmed that the medical staff in the research organization has high indicators of the job imprint in a way that contributes to reducing the manifestations of chaos in the work environment at the level of environmental complexity, environmental mobility and environmental uncertainty.

This article aims to comprehensively examine the psychological and economic effects of the gig economy and freelancing on modern working patterns. While the gig economy refers to a working model that generates income through short-term, independent jobs and projects, freelancing covers a broader form of independent work. The article analyzes the implications of these two working models on both individuals and the general economy. The gig economy and freelancing have significant effects on individuals psychological states. Research shows that these ways of working offer high flexibility and independence, but also bring challenges such as uncertainty, low income security and social isolation. Key factors affecting psychological health include lack of job security, constant pressure to perform, and lack of social connection. This study examines how individuals cope with these psychological challenges and how they affect their quality of life. The gig economy and freelancing models present both economic opportunities and risks. Economic opportunities include faster entry into the job market, reduced costs, and access to a broader customer base. However, these models also carry risks such as economic uncertainties and lack of social protections such as health insurance and retirement plans. The article evaluates these economic elements and analyzes the financial challenges faced by freelancers and gig economy workers. As a result, while the gig economy and freelancing bring flexibility and independence to the modern workforce, they also create a variety of psychological and economic challenges. This study provides recommendations to minimize these challenges and maximize opportunities. In particular, it is emphasized that supportive social policies, psychological support programs and financial security systems should be developed.

In the era of Industry 4.0, education in general and English teaching in particular are being deeply affected by modern technology. Applying technology to English teaching is important in improving learning efficiency, helping learners not only access knowledge quickly but also develop comprehensive language skills. Industry 4.0 also provides educational support to innovate teaching methods, increase creativity and interaction in the classroom. This article focuses on analyzing the effects of Industry 4.0 on English teaching, and at the same time clarifying how technology is applied in English teaching to change teaching methods in a positive direction.

Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutions (TVETs) have been at the center of equipping students with prerequisite skills to fit into the job market by offering programmes aim to bridge the skills gap among students. However, in Kiambu County, rates of unemployment have continued to rise. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine how TVETS act as catalysts for reduction of unemployment rates in Kiambu County. The study was anchored on the human capital theory. The study adopted mixed methodology and concurrent triangulation research design. Target population comprised 30 principals, 578 tutors and 4879 employed TVET graduates totaling 5487 respondents from which 372 respondents was sampled using Yamanes Formula. Stratified sampling was adopted to create 12 strata based on the number of sub-counties in Kiambu County. From each sub-county, one TVET principal was selected using purposive sampling. However, from each of the sampled TVETs, 5 tutors and 25 employed TVET graduates were selected using simple random sampling. This enabled the researcher to sample 12 principals, 60 tutors and 300 employed TVET graduates. Questionnaires were used to collect data from employed TVET graduates whereas interview guides were used to collect data from principals and tutors. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically along the objectives and presented in narrative forms. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages and inferentially using Pearsons Product Moment Correlation Analysis with the help of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences and presented by using tables. The study found that there is an increasing rate of unemployment in Kiambu County for the last five years. To mitigate these challenges, TVETs have refocused the training to equip students with job-specific practical skills, entrepreneurship education, linkages and internship as well as integration of ICT and innovation. However, much is yet to be fully realized in improving status of unemployment rates. Thus, the study recommends that TVETs should collaborate closely with local and international industries to ensure that their training programmes align with current market demands. By continuously updating the curriculum to include emerging technologies, sector-specific skills, and soft skills like communication and problem-solving, TVET graduates will be better equipped to meet employers needs.

The outbreak of COVID-19 made the learning process could not be done face to face. Under such condition, the online learning was virtually carried out as the way out. This study aimed to explore the effect of using WhatsApp as a learning tool, while taking into account student gender and age, on the absorbing of social study contents in distance learning among students in Malang Regency. These particular contents were developed virtually in learning package formats. This study used a quantitative approach. The data collection was carried out through a small survey by using online questionnaire, administering the Google Forms to 34 respondents. Using regression analysis, the results were as follows. The use of WhatsApps made difference in the attainment of learning contents. However, age did not influence significantly in understanding the materials. In addition, gender made no difference in the content understanding. Such findings opened up the possibility of exploring opportunities for further educational studies such as involving additional factors, assessing interactions, and moderating relationships between variables both at certain individual unit of analysis and across levels as well.

This study aims to determine the effect of work culture, discipline and motivation on employee performance through competency in the Deputy for Cyber Security and Crypto Operations of the National Cyber and Crypto Agency. The research method used is quantitative research. This study uses a saturation sample or saturated sampling, which means that the entire population in the Deputy II environment became respondents in this study with a total of 345 respondents. Data analysis uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis using the AMOS 29 tool. The analysis carried out is Validity Test, Reliability Test, SEM Assumption Test (Normality Test, Outliers Test, Multicollinearity Test), Goodness of Fit Test and Direct and Indirect Effect Test. The results of the study show that: (1) Work Culture has a positive and significant effect on Competence with a CR value of 2.464 and a probability of 0.014, (2) Discipline has a positive and significant effect on Competence with a CR value of 2.422 with a probability of 0.015, (3) Motivation has a positive and significant effect on Competence with a CR value of 3.499 with a probability of 0.001, (4) Work Culture has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance with a CR value of 2.032 with a probability of 0.042, (5) There is a positive and significant effect between Discipline and Employee Performance with a CR value of 2.003 and a probability of 0.045, (6) There is a positive and significant effect between Motivation and Employee Performance with a CR value of 3.021 with a probability of 0.003, and (7) There is a positive and significant effect between Competence and Employee Performance with a CR value of 2.587 with a probability of 0.010.

Hand-painted art in the world and Vietnam with its long-standing origins always evolves with the flow of human civilization. With the diverse development of fine arts, hand drawing does not stand on the sidelines but always promotes its potential in life applications, contributing to promoting human aesthetic awareness. Only through hand drawing can the form and content of symbols vividly, delicately, and specifically reflect their object of reflection. This article surveys the process of creating some logos, symbols of some typical objects in Vietnam, through which, tries to clarify the role of hand drawing in the formation of quality of these products symbol is formed. In particular, through research results, it can be affirmed that hand drawing will still play an important role in artistic creativity despite the explosion of technology and the development of artificial intelligence.

“Scholastic” is a term derived from the Ancient Greek word s???ast???? ( Scholasticos ), translated into Latin as “Scholastica”, meaning “belonging to research, scholarship”. This is a way of thinking and scientific reasoning, developed among Latin scholars in the Middle Ages (5th – 15th century). The basic content refers to a spirit that wants to use reason to serve religion. Therefore, the method of discovering traces of God according to this trend is to emphasize the relationship between two types of science: the science of reason (consciousness comes from nature in humans) and the science of faith (human consciousness comes from enlightenment from God). When discussing this topic in this period, the most profound thinker was probably Thomas Aquinas. Grandfather is considered the greatest scholastic theologian of the 13th century in Western Europe. With the rich content of his thoughts, he was not only officially recognized by the Christian Church as an orthodox thought, but his thoughts also had a profound influence on philosophers following the trend of religious philosophy. His best known works are Summa Theologica and Summa contra Gentiles. He was recognized by the Christian Church. veneration, beatification and canonization.

BUMDES Strategy in Improving the Economy by Utilizing MarketPlace Through Internet Media and Supporting and Inhibiting Factors in Improving the Economy by Utilizing MarketPlace Through Internet Media. The research method used is a qualitative method. The results of the study are that the utilization of Marketplace through the Internet is one of the efforts made by BUMDes to optimize innovation in order to market BUMDes products that are online-based, through marketplace applications to expand product marketing. Product marketing still uses marketplaces on social media. Supporting Factors for BUMDes Sungai Alam in Improving the Economy by Utilizing Market Placa Through Internet Media, namely Fairly good internet network access is very helpful in the marketing process using social media, such as BUMDes product promotions have been carried out on Marketplace social media on Facebook and Instagram. The inhibiting factor for BUMDES Sungai Alam is that logistics are a challenge for business actors who utilize E-Commerce in marketing and shipping goods. The payment method itself has not been determined, where transactions when shipping goods are still carried out using the Cash on Delivery (COD) method which is the consumers choice in purchasing goods belonging to BUMDes Sungai Alam. Consumers still often cancel purchases of ordered goods, making it difficult for BUMDES Sungai Alam to develop.

The article aims to systematically present the transformation from the management function to the service function, from the social production function to the function of maintaining the value of the domestic currency. To achieve this purpose, the articles content approaches the methodology of human philosophy and social philosophy while using qualitative, analytical, synthetic, comparative, and reverse methodologies to clarify the transformation process of the state in different functions of a specific historical nature. The result achieved from the content is to clarify the nature of the state in the means of survival becoming the purpose, making the master become the product of the state; human life is a slave to survival instincts, that is, depending on the state for survival. The conclusion of the article affirms: first, the existence of the state in all different forms, such as domination by force, management, and service; Second, the existence of the state becomes social production, which is the implementation of the states public policy; third, the existence of the state in the context of globalization is not only domestic policy but also reflected in foreign policy.

This research aims to analyze the implementation of green accounting to improve the quality of sustainability reports as part of the internal audit process based on the COSO Framework in the production division of CV. Anugrah Print, Surabaya. The study adopts a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques including interviews, observations, and documentation. The objective is to identify how green accounting implementation can help the company manage the environmental impact of its production waste, enhance the transparency of sustainability reporting, and support operational efficiency through digital-based systems. The findings reveal that CV. Anugrah Print has not systematically implemented green accounting. Environmental costs are not adequately recorded, and the companys sustainability report does not fully reflect its social and environmental responsibilities. The implementation of an internal audit based on the COSO Framework can enhance operational risk management and environmental oversight but requires adequate digital infrastructure support. As an initial step, the company is recommended to adopt green accounting, document environmental costs in sustainability reports, and integrate digital systems to support the COSO Frameworks implementation. This research provides practical contributions to CV. Anugrah Print in improving the quality of sustainability report disclosures, operational efficiency, and fulfillment of environmental responsibilities. Additionally, it offers insights for academics and practitioners regarding the importance of green accounting and internal control in supporting sustainability in small and medium enterprises.

This research aims to explore vivos sustainable marketing strategy that focuses on inclusivity and e-waste management. Using a qualitative approach, data was collected through in-depth interviews with influencers and content analysis of vivo Indonesias Instagram. The results showed that vivos marketing strategy involving collaboration with influencers is effective in building brand image. However, challenges in e-waste management and inclusivity still need attention. Key recommendations include educating audiences about e-waste management through the Trade-in for Tomorrow program and the production of recycled phones. In addition, vivo is advised to offer products that are friendly to people with disabilities, such as Talkback and Inverse Color features for visually impaired users. The implementation of this strategy is expected to increase sales and strengthen vivos image as a company that cares about the environment and inclusivity. A sustainable marketing strategy that includes education on e-waste and increased product inclusiveness will make a positive contribution to the environment and society, while strengthening vivos position in the market.

The majority of information is delivered through text; therefore, being able to read and comprehend is crucial for learners to survive and comprehend how society functions. Reading comprehension is a fundamental skill required for academic performance and lifelong learning. Since reading comprehension is essential to academic success. Teachers always look for new and creative ways to help their students improve in this area. In this study, the researcher employed the Film viewing as a scaffolding strategy to improve reading comprehension such as literal, reorganization, inferential, evaluation and appreciation skills among 30 Grade 11 Humanities and Social Sciences Based on the results of the study, the findings revealed that there is a significant difference in reorganization and evaluation skills between the pre-test and post-test activities thus these variables are partially sustained. Likewise, there was no significant difference in literal, inferential and appreciation skills which signifies that the use of film viewing as a scaffolding strategy improved these skills. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected.

The study investigated the effects of integrating Social Learning Theory s modeling strategy into teaching Practical Research 1 to improve the research writing skills of senior high school automotive students. The researcher observed that students struggled with applying research writing skills, prompting the use of this instructional approach. Key objectives included examining the students pretest and posttest performance and determining whether the strategy significantly impacted their research writing abilities. A quasi-experimental research design was employed, with Grade 11 Automotive students selected purposively as participants. Pretest results indicated that students generally performed poorly in research writing, particularly in describing methodologies and forming logical conclusions. However, they demonstrated some understanding of ethical considerations, excelling in intellectual honesty. Posttest results revealed notable improvements in describing methodologies and maintaining ethical practices, with many students achieving very good to excellent ratings. Despite these gains, skills like identifying patterns, forming conclusions, and making recommendations showed only slight progress, with most students remaining in the fair or poor performance categories. The findings suggest that implementing a modeling strategy significantly enhanced certain aspects of students research writing skills, particularly in methodology description and ethical considerations. However, challenges persisted in more complex analytical tasks, such as identifying patterns and drawing logical conclusions. These difficulties may be attributed to limited motivation, the nature of distance learning, and a lack of direct guidance from research teachers. The study highlights the need for additional strategies to support students in mastering advanced research skills.

Karangjaladri Village is located on the coast of Pangandaran, West Java, and has a mangrove ecosystem that plays a very important role in peoples lives. Local perspectives play a critical role in mangrove conservation efforts, as knowledge, local wisdom and cultural values shape approaches to mangrove forest management. Local traditions and values play an important role in ensuring that conservation activities are aligned with a peoples cultural identity. This article aims to describe the social construction of coastal societies, especially in Karangjaladri Village, which plays a role in mangrove conservation efforts based on traditions, local wisdom, and cultural values. This local perspective creates a collective consciousness that leads the people to maintain the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem. This research can provide an understanding of the social construction of coastal societies in Karangjaladri Village by covering aspects of tradition and local knowledge in sustainable natural resource management. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques, namely interviews, observations and literature studies. Data analysis techniques are carried out by collecting data, classifying data, presenting data and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the social construction of the people in Karangjaladri Village in mangrove conservation efforts can be reviewed through three stages, namely externalization, objectivation, and internalization. At the externalization stage, the society showed commitment to mangrove conservation by actively participating in planting and maintenance activities. Furthermore, at the objectivation stage, the establishment of the Mangrove Seed Bank was carried out as an effort to provide access to quality seeds for the community. At the internalization stage, mangrove conservation values have become part of the peoples social identity and daily life, while mangrove-based ecotourism programs provide economic benefits that encourage sustainable society involvement.

The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of market penetration strategies on the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Benue State. Anchored on the Resource Based Theory, the study has a sample of 361 SMEs owners/managers purposively sampled from a population of 3740 using Taro Yamenes formula. Multiple regression statistical tools are used in analyzing data while the standard error is used in testing the three hypotheses or objectives of the study. The result of analysis and test is expected to should that market penetration strategies have significant effect on the performance of SMEs in Benue State with its proxies as market segmentation, product packaging and sales promotion. The submission of the study is that market segmentation, product packaging and sales promotion which are the various dimensions of market penetration strategies collectively increase the performance of SMEs in Benue State. It is thus, significant for the owners and managers of SMEs to always be conscious of the business environment to be proactive in creating market segments, uniquely packaging products and adopting advanced sales promotion methods that will always give them competitive advantage and enhance firms performance.

This study examined the effects of insecurity on households standard of living in Benue State. Raw data on the variables were obtained from 384 respondents selected within the affected local government areas of the state. Methods of data analysis used were descriptive statistics and logit regression analysis. The findings confirmed that insecurity have a significant negative impact on household standard of living. The study also found that major causes of insecurity in Benue State are political grievances, social and cultural tensions, weak governance, external influences, lack of education or employment , uncontrolled movement of people and weapons across borders, access to weapons, and spread of false information, propaganda, or hate speech. Given the findings, this study recommends amongst others encouragement of inclusive governance, political representation and dialogue among diverse groups; fostering cultural understanding and encouraging programmes that bridge division; strengthening institutions, promoting transparency, accountability and rule of law; engaging in diplomatic efforts, economic cooperation and inter-states collaboration; and investing in education, vocational training, and job creation programmes.

Reading skills among junior high school students in Indonesia are categorized as low to medium according to PISA 2018 data. The Ministry of Education and Cultures 2022 survey shows that Indonesian students do not understand the content of the texts they read. This makes research on strategies to improve reading literacy important. This study aims to determine the difference in reading comprehension skills on the theme of ecological wisdom between students taught with the SQ3R method and the conventional (direct) method. This research is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental pretest-postest non-equivalent control group design. The population of this study were seventh grade students of SMP Karanganyar Regency Rural Area. The samples of this study were students of grade 7-D SMP Negeri 1 Karangpandan and 7-B SMP Negeri 2 Karangpandan as the experimental group and students of grade 7-F SMP Negeri 1 Karangpandan and 7-C SMP Negeri 2 Karangpadan as the control group. The sampling technique used two-stage cluster random sampling, which is group sampling in stages. The data collection technique was carried out with an instrument of reading comprehension ability on the theme of ecological wisdom developed by the researcher. Data analysis techniques include descriptive data analysis, analysis requirement test, and inferential analysis. The results showed that the ability to read comprehension on the theme of ecological wisdom between students taught by the SQ3R method was better than students taught by the direct method. The effect size test results show the amount of the methods influence is 33.6% or has a large effect. Comparison of the average scores of the initial test and the final test showed that the increase in the scores of students taught with the SQ3R method was 9.33%, while the increase of students taught with the direct method was 4.15%. The results of this study are expected to contribute to Indonesian language teaching strategies especially in the area of improving reading literacy and reading comprehension skills among students of other Rural Area Junior High Schools.