This study examines the effects of two propagation techniques—nodal leaf cuttings and tip cuttings—on root development in two bamboo species, Dendrocalamus longispathus and Bambusa tulda. The experiment aimed to determine the most effective propagation method for enhancing root growth, addressing the challenge of optimizing bamboo cultivation for both conservation and commercial purposes. The experiment was conducted using a non-mist propagator system, under controlled humidity and temperature, to observe differences in root number and length after four weeks. Our results indicate significant differences between the two cutting methods across both species, with D. longispathus generally demonstrating more substantial root growth compared to B. tulda in both metrics. Specifically, for D. longispathus, nodal leaf cuttings showed a consistently higher mean root length, whereas for B. tulda, tip cuttings eventually resulted in slightly longer roots, highlighting a species-specific response to the propagation methods. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences (p<0.05) in root growth dynamics between treatments, underscoring the importance of choosing appropriate propagation techniques based on species-specific responses. This research contributes to the understanding of bamboo propagation strategies and suggests further exploration into species-specific cultivation methods to enhance growth and conservation effort

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and declining soil fertility pose significant challenges to sustainable agriculture, often leading to degraded soil health and reduced crop quality. This experiment aimed to evaluate alternative fertilization strategies to optimize black carrot yield and quality while improving soil fertility. Organic residues, including paddy straw and deciduous tree leaves, were combined with cow dung and biogas slurry in a 1:1 ratio to prepare vermicompost treatments, which were tested along with integrated nutrient management and chemical fertilizer treatments. Over two years, the data revealed that integrated nutrient management, involving 50% recommended dose of chemical fertilizers and 50% deciduous tree leaves vermicompost, resulted in the highest yield and yield attributes of black carrot, while the control treatment produced the lowest productivity. The integrated nutrient management also showed greater improvements in soil properties, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and micronutrients, especially in the later years of the study. This is likely due to the initially low organic carbon and nutrient content of the experimental soil, with organic amendments typically taking three to four years to elicit a positive response. Overall, the study demonstrates that integrated nutrient management is more effective in enhancing both carrot yield and soil fertility, providing a sustainable approach to improving crop production and long-term soil health.

Abiotic stresses, particularly salinity, severely hinder crop productivity by disrupting physiological processes and reducing yields. Pea (Pisum sativum L.), a vital crop, is highly sensitive to salinity, making it crucial to explore strategies that enhance its tolerance to such stresses. This study investigates the effects of Ascorbic Acid (AsA), 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA), and Nano-Selenium (N-Se) on the anatomical characteristics of pea plants subjected to severe salinity stress (120 mM NaCl). Transverse sections of the fourth internode and leaf blade were analyzed, focusing on stem and leaf structure. The results showed that foliar application of AsA (100 ppm) significantly improved anatomical traits, such as stem diameter, cortex thickness, and vascular bundle dimensions, compared to the control and other treatments. ALA (50 ppm) also improved anatomical features, albeit to a lesser extent, while N-Se (20 ppm) exhibited the lowest enhancement. Leaf tissue analysis revealed that AsA improved leaflet structure, increasing epidermis thickness and vascular bundle dimensions under salinity stress. The application of AsA, ALA, and N-Se mitigated the negative effects of salinity, likely due to their roles in enhancing stress tolerance, reducing oxidative damage, and improving nutrient uptake. This study highlights the potential of these bio-stimulants to improve the anatomical resilience of pea plants under salinity stress, contributing to better crop performance in saline environments.